LET REVIEWER COMPILATION ( GEN. ED. PROF. ED. & SPECIFICATION IN ENGLISH) EDITED

PROF. ED. (Study notes in all subject)

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

IDEALISM - Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what we want the world to be

REALISM - Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke
- (experience) fully mastery of knowledge

BEHAVIORISM - always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior

EXISTENTIALISM -Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"
- Focuses on self/individual

PRAGMATISM/ EXPERIMENTALISM - William James; John Dewey -learn from experiences through interaction to the environment
-Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children

PERENNIALISM - Robert Hutchins ;focuses on unchanging/universal truths
- perennial means "everlasting"; the oldest and most conservative educational philosophy that has its roots in the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle
- The curriculum includes classical knowledge such as mathematics, sciences, geography and literature.
- Assumes the curriculum as content or the subject matter, and curriculum as plan activities based upon fundamental social values, norms and practices.
- Emphasize the same kind of curriculum to all students in the same grade.
- Focuses on the universal truth and considers that these truths are always valid.
ESSENTIALISM - William Bagley
-teaching the basic/essential knowledge
- Focuses on basic skills and knowledge
- from the word "essential" which means the main things or the basics.
- Emphasis is on the high academic standards.
- Focused much on essential knowledge, skill and attitude such as reading, writing and computing together with other people
- Popularized by William Bagley, Arthur Bestor and Admiral Rickover
- Placed importance on science and understanding the world through scientific experimentation.
- Teachers should instill respect for authority, fidelity to duty 1, could considerations for others and practicality.
- Advocates instilling in the students with the "essentials" or "basics" of academic knowledge and character development.
PROGRESSIVISM - Dewey/ Pestalozzi (process of development) focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality
- education must be based on the fact that humans are by nature social and learn best in real-life activities with other people.
- Emphasize the study of the
natural and social sciences; introduce students the new scientific, technological and social developments.
- Students are to be exposed to a more democratic curriculum.
- Students are encouraged to interact with one another and develop social virtues such as
cooperation and tolerance for
different point of views.
- Focuses on personal experiences, children's interest and their needs.
- Students should be involved with real-life problems so that they gain ownership to the problems and how they solve it; they should be asked meaningful questions that make them creative and critical thinkers.
- John Dewey role of education is to transmit society's identity by preparing young people for adult
life.
CONSTRUCTIVISM- Jean Piaget ; Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their experiences and their ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an epistemological stance.
SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM -George Counts - recognized that education was the means of preparing people for creating his new social order highlights social reform as the aim of education
- the brain child of Theodore Brameld
- The curriculum emphasizes the social sciences-history, political science, economics, sociology, religion, ethics, poetry and philosophy.
- The curriculum is based on social and economic issues as
well as social service; should engage in students in critical analysis of the local, national and international community (e.g. poverty, environment degradation, unemployment, crime, war, political oppression, hunger, etc.)
- The curriculum should be constantly changing to meet the changes in society.
- Students study social problerms and think of ways to improve society.

*ACCULTURATION - learning other Culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition through
interaction and reading.

*ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition through interaction and reading.