A. Major Philosophical Thoughts
1. Idealism - Ideas are the only true reality, the ultimate truths for matter is nothing but just a mere representation of ideas. Emphasis is given on knowledge obtained by speculation and reasoning for its central tenet is that ideas are the only thing worth knowing for. Focus is on conscious reasoning of the human mind such as introspection and intuition and use of logic. Advocates: Socrates and Plato
a. Adheres to the view that nothing exists except in the mind of man, the mind of God or in a super or supranatural realm.
b. Believes that ideas and knowledge are enduring and can change lives.
c. To develop the individual spirituality, mentally and morally (mind, soul & spirit).
d. Develop each individual's abilities and full moral excellence.
In education:
a. Aims to discover the full potentials in child and cultivates it in order to prepare him for a better position in the society and for him to serve the society better.
b. Emphasis is given on subjects that will develop and enhance the mind of a child - Philosophy, Literature, Religion and History
c. Methods used include lecture, discussion and Socratic dialogue.
Character development is through emulation of examples and heroes.
2. Realism - Concerns with the actualities of life, what is real? Ultimate reality is the world of physical objects. Hence, reality is independent of the human mind. Stresses that the world is made up of real substantial and material entitles. knowledge is derived from sense experience to provide students with the essential knowledge to survive the natural world. Advocates: Aristotle, St. Thomas, Jonathan Herbart, Comenius
a. Objective existence of the world and beings in it.
b. Knowledge of these objects as they are in themselves.
c. Stresses that the world is made up of real , substantial and material entitles.
d. To provide students with essential knowledge to survive the natural world.
In education:
a. The most effective way to find about reality is to study it through organized, separate and systematically arranged matter - the emphasis is on a subject matter concerning Science and Mathematics.
b. Methods used in teaching include recitation, experimentation and demonstration.
c. Character development is through training in the rules of conduct
3. Pragmatism / Experimentalism - What is experienced and observed in true? Hence, what is useful is true. Synonymous to functionality and practicality. Focuses more on Praxis. Thought must produce actions rather than to continue lying inside. Advocates: Charles Sanders Peirce, John Dewey
a. Curriculum should reflect the society, emphasizing the needs and interests of the children.
b. To teach students how to think so that he can adjust to the demands of an ever changing world.
In education:
a. Involves student to work in groups.
b. Methods of teaching include experimentation, project making and problem solving.
c. Stresses on the application of what have learned rather than the transfer of the organized body of knowledge.
4. Naturalism - Denies everything that has supernatural significances (dogmas/revelations) for all can be accounted by scientific laws. Preserves the natural goodness of man. Truth can only be found through nature. Rooted from Ancient Philosophers such as Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, JJ Rousseau, John Locke and Montaigne.
In education:
a. Stands for democratic and universal way - everyone must be educated in the same manner.
b. Education is in accordance to human development and growth.
c. Emphasis is given more on the physical development and hygiene of the person rather of the 3R's.
d. Aims to unfold the child's potential to prepare him to adapt to the changing times and needs. One's conduct is governed by impulse, instinct, and experience.
e. It puts the child at the center of the educational process and prepare him to experience life as it is.
5. Humanism - Rooted in the economic and political changes during the Renaissance Period. Three main lines of growth are Intellectual , Aesthetics and Scientific. Advocates : Da Feltre, Erasmus, and Pestalozzi.
a. Individualistic Humanism - making the most out of one's life, living life to the fullest and stresses on individual freedom, culture and development.
b. Social Humanism - Aims for social rather than individual happiness, includes social reforms and improvement of social relationships.
In education:
a. Process and should not be taken abruptly.
b. Learner should be in control of his destiny.
c. Concern is more on methods rather than of oral discussion.
d. Asserts the importance of playing in the curriculum.
e. Emphasis motivations and the use of praise and rewards.
f. Curriculum includes subjects concerning literary appreciation, physical education, social training in manner and development.
BINABASA MO ANG
REVIEWER for LET (Professional Education
Non-FictionIt is a reviewer for those aspiring teachers, I hope it helps a lot. It is a compilation of many reviewers I read and compiled for the licensure examination.
