Supernovae and Life - Duncan MacPhun - Wattpad

Supernovae and Life

Reads 76
Votes 18
Parts 10
Time 50m

Reads 76
Votes 18
Parts 10
Time 50m

atmosphere big-bang carbon dna earth elements eukaryotes genome hydrogen life microbes moon nano-machines nucleobases oxygen ribosomes sun supernovae viroids water

Space and time began about 13.7 billion years ago but it consisted almost exclusively of hydrogen until some stars grew sufficiently massive to create the heavier elements in gigantic explosions called supernovae.  
 
The Sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago with an orbiting disk of debris that became the Solar System and, about 4.4 billion years ago, the Earth was cool enough for liquid water. 

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus make up 99% of the mass of the human body.  These elements combine to form molecules ranging from water to the twin helices of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that specify the genetic code. 

Life on Earth probably began with complex, virus-like molecules that over billions of years evolved cells and the ability to split carbon dioxide and water (H2O).  The poisonous waste product, oxygen, released into the atmosphere, probably caused the first mass extinctions on Earth.  

WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization.  

Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago.  This astonishing phenomenon has also improved the health, education, and longevity of almost everyone. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity.

Civilization began when we discovered how to use fire and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade.  The discovery of agriculture and trade made us richer but we also discovered how to destroy wealth.  Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas.

Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).All Rights Reserved

atmosphere big-bang carbon dna earth elements eukaryotes genome hydrogen life microbes moon nano-machines nucleobases oxygen ribosomes sun supernovae viroids water

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10 parts

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TROIKA - Countryhumans USSR x America by Arrin99423

The world is electrified. Everything runs on electricity, from lighting to transport, life support to social media. Oblivion. Then, grid is down. And the world turns dark. And doesn't turn back on. America, the most forward thinking and innovative Western idealist, has answers. Her feminist values push her neck to neck with her male peers. She is one of the first to figure out that the grid will eventually fail, because of the vein of fossil fuel instability, trying to raise the alarm. When the grid does fail, she doesn't even get the satisfaction to say 'I told you so' before she is forced to collaborate in the TROIKA - a trio of biologist, engineer, and geophysicist that must find an immediate and then long-term solution to power the earth. Oh, and she has no choice. USSR, a cynic planner and injured war veteran, has questions. Torn between his eastern roots and western intelligence, he struggles to fit in, curb his aggression, and deal with personal loss. Instead of notifying the world of the impending grid failure, he builds a vast arsenal nuclear plants to power his land against the rules, and when the grid falls, his lights and machines keep running. When finally his arrest occurs, he finds himself in a unique situation, offered a position in the TROIKA - but if he declines, then a life of darkness behind bars awaits him. The goal of the TROIKA is simple: Be quick, be correct, be ready. It doesn't take long for USSR and America to loathe each other on principle, each with their own goals and ideals, clashing on everything from fashion to economics. Can they push away their pride and save the world, maybe even themselves? Or will their bitterness engulf everyone in thick, oily darkness forever? A single choice will ultimately decide their fate. TROIKA: The Future is Nuclear. The Future is Unclear. NOT for sensitive readers, please do not read if you cannot handle violence, loss, terminate disease or mature content - 16+ Thanks!

The Four - Book 1 by gracey_liz

(NOT EDITED AT ALL) (LOTS OF GRAMMAR ERRORS) (I was young when I wrote this lol) "You're special, fire boy," the man grins, "you and the others are just getting started." - Fire. Earth. Water. Air. It's 2890. In the US, everyone gets one of the elements powers when they are born, usually their parents element. But the elements no longer get along. They keep themselves separated from one another, not daring to interact, knowing it will cause havoc and destruction. But the government wants to test the elements together. And they've been watching, waiting for the right elements that can handle the job. And they've found them. *** Highest rank: #5 in Science Fiction Cover: @lucifehh WARNING: There is some harsh language, read at your own risk

Dust (Black Widow X Reader) by RyuKarizau

"One of the few things I learned in my life was that death always comes. Senescence, illness or... murder, death is always the end every single one of us will face. I was told that mankind was born to die. That's what kept me sane in this job. Death isn't bad, as long as it is quick....." (Y/N) (M/N) (L/N) is a computer freak who bears the power of fire demon Daemon and the best assassin to ever step in the field. He was very well known in the underworld not only for his killing abilities but for his excellent computer skills as well. His victims varied from well known CEOs to even presidents. His nickname was "(N/N)" because he never left any tracks behind and no one knew anything about him except for a woman called Natalia Romanova. They were partners until S.H.I.E.L.D caught her. But what happened when he will have to step into the light to help his old partner in crime? (Y/N): Your name (M/N): Middle Name (L/N): Last Name (N/N): Nickname (E/C): Eye Color (H/C): Hair Color (Y/C): Your City I don't own any of the soundtracks I used, the owners will be mentioned in the story. Also, I don't own any of the characters, Marvel does, except for you. You own yourself. I only own the first 10 chapters and the editing of the photos, not the parts that are used. This is the first time I write something like this and it's mostly like an experiment. There will be some violence scences but you will be warned before you get to it so as to skip the chapter or the part if necessery since a reader might be disturbed by it.. Also as Steve once said: "Language!" That's why I turned on the mature content. I hope you enjoy.

Engineering by duncmacphun

Denis Papin built the first steam engine in 1705 and, by 1800, Boulton and Watt had built 451steam engines. In 1870, the British produced 4 million tons of coke for iron and steel production and locomotive and industrial engines. Axel Cronstedt identified tungsten in 1757. Tungsten carbide, proved almost as hard as diamond making it invaluable for cutting tools. Li Chun's Zhaozhou Bridge, in China, was finished in 605 CE and it is still in use. The Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Hong Kong, completed in 1997, has a main span of 430 metres (1,410 ft). In 1886, P.Héroult and C.Hall both dissolved alumina in cryolite, to make pure aluminum by electrolysis. E.Fouché and C.Picard developed oxygen-acetylene torches for welding and cutting steel in 1903. Henry Wickham smuggled 70,000 rubber tree seeds from Brazil, in 1876. Charles Goodyear developed vulcanization in 1840 and by 2017 the world produced 28 million tons of rubber; more than half of which was synthetic. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Ascension by lkhunt0814

There is no such thing as a good side and bad side in a war. We are both the good and bad side. It just depends on your perspective. At the end of the day when the sun goes down we are still the murderers who took the lives of hundreds and sometimes thousands. We are still the ones who have orphaned children. And you call us saints but no, soldiers are murderers who hide behind patriotism and lies. -Lorelei Jameson WARNING THIS IS A SEQUEL. Go read Journey before you read Ascension. Lorelei and Indiana escape from Headquarters only to find out that the war is in full swing. even though the Colony is getting more and more recruitments everyday they still only have a fraction of the amount the Extorians have. They start to receive aid from a planet known as Orion A in the Orion Binary system. The people on Cambaar start to wonder if they really are on the planet of Cambaar. Someone is keeping secrets and they might decide the fate of the Colony. The plan to end the war just might work but it is the most controversial topic in history. The people of Cambaar split into two sides over the final battle. Lorelei still doesn't believe it will work. As the war rages forward relationships unravel. Sanity is lost. And blood is spilt across the forbidding land. They finally begin to understand what it means when they hear "The price of war isn't just blood". 5- nuclear war (6-17-19)

Dust by angrychinchillanoise

All the earth is torn asunder. There used to be grass, and the sun used to be golden. Children played outside, climbing trees with smiles on their faces and grass stains on their knees. People worried about a million things that would soon be irrelevant, continuing without a clue of the disaster to come. Centuries later, what little is left of humanity survives in a society constructed beneath the surface of a glass dome, the world outside converted to little more than a desert wasteland. Survival is a routine rather than an effort, and all rules are surpassed by only one: if you want to survive, you never leave the dome. There's nothing alive out there. The radiation that soaks the earth makes sure of that. Until one day, someone finds a bloody, dust-covered handprint on the outside of the glass. Nothing will ever be the same again. Book 1 of the Burning Series Highest ranking: #13 in Adventure on 03/04/16

Northern Exposure: The divided by LukenDuPont

Without warning it began! The inevitable, I think it's fair to assume this book is not in my possession. This means I'm most likely dead. Most nights I wrestle the reason I have chosen to explain what happened, the things we did to each other, things no human being should witness. I Wright this simply to enlighten your poor soul and give you more of a chance than I had. A chance to survive what is most likely the brink of human extinction. Times are harder now and as the days go by we are less of our former selves. We have become husks floating around in a lost, desolate world. I look at this place and it still seems so alien to me, as the days roll into the nights I'm still unsure of how we got to this point. If you are reading this, you too are probably North and very much aware of what has happened to our beloved city. I feel a responsibility to inform you that you will most likely share the same fate as I have. I understand you may be wondering what's worse than death, trust me in this place death seems like a paradise compared. I do not know why I still feel so obligated to write this. To be honest most nights I think its just an escape from the madness, like a natural sedative it's the only way I can fall asleep in this hell. However I do need to clear my conscious and pay dividend for my demons. I need you to know what happened to me; I need you to know what we have become and what we are capable of. I need you to know why we have chosen to kill each other, why the smell of human flesh lingers in the air like slow roast pork on a Sunday afternoon. Why bodies litter our streets. Why things that seemed to be so impossible happen in front of our very own eyes. Why conformity i this place is the unreal ideas people live their lives by and why I was included into this group of youthful abominations. All of this might be irrelevant compared to what I am about to tell you.

We Eukaryotes by duncmacphun

About 1.5 billion years ago, the single-celled eukaryotes became the common ancestors of all multicellular plants, animals, and fungi. Fish evolved a primitive lung sac and four limbs, 350 million years ago, so they could crawl between fresh water swamps. About 250 million years ago, the ancestors of all mammals, were tiny nocturnal insectivores and, about 6 million years ago, we began walking on two legs. The most recent Ice Age (2.6 million to 12,000 years ago), severely reduced rainfall in Africa, where Homo habilis was evolving. In Homo erectus (1.9 to 0.5 million years ago), cranial capacity increased to between 850 and 1000 cm3 implying the phenomenal increase of 125,000 more neurons with each generation. Between 70 and 50 thousand years ago, Homo sapiens spread out from east Africa. Then, about 20,000 years ago, evolution made a sharp change in direction. After 250 million years, we ceased to be hunter gatherers. The Neolithic Revolution meant we could never go back. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Atoms & Light by duncmacphun

In 1657, Otto von Guericke pumped the air from two hemispheres and eight horses could not pull them apart. Amontons found a volume of air shrank as the temperature fell and realized that it would become zero. In 1774, Joseph Priestley isolated oxygen while Lavoisier released hydrogen and burned this with oxygen to make water. In 1832, Michael Faraday built the first electric motor and generator. John Newlands noticed similar chemical properties in a list of elements demonstrating the existence of unknown elements. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented a microscope with 300 times magnification allowing him to see bacteria, spermatozoa and red blood cells. In 1605, Kepler concluded that all the planets moved in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo reported that the orbital periods of Jupiter's moons permitted accurate determination of longitude on Earth. Newton and Leibniz independently invented calculus, used extensively in mathematics, science, engineering and economics. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Flight by duncmacphun

The Orville and Wilbur Wright flew under power in 1903. The first flight travelled only 120 feet but Wilbur flew 24.5 miles in 38 minutes in August 1904. More powerful aircraft engines were developed during WW-1 but airframes were too fragile for aerial fighting. H.Focke's transverse twin-rotor helicopter, broke all helicopter world records in 1937. After WW-1, designers used duralumin airframes and smaller, monoplane wings for fighter aircraft like the Supermarine Spitfire. At Midway, in 1942, American dive-bombers sank three of the four Japanese aircraft carriers. I.Sikorsky developed the first practical single rotor helicopter with a single tail boom rotor and produced over 400 helicopters in WW-2. The Messerschmitt Me 262 was the first jet fighter in action in 1944. For maximum efficiency most jet aircraft need to cruise at about Mach 0.8 (610 mph) and at altitudes above 30,000 ft. In 2021, with battery powered, contra-rotating propellers spinning at 2500 rpm, NASA's Dragonfly helicopter lifted off from the surface of Mars. It weighed only 2 pound. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

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Slide 1 of 10

TROIKA - Countryhumans USSR x America cover

The Four - Book 1 cover

Dust (Black Widow X Reader) cover

Engineering cover

Ascension cover

Northern Exposure: The divided cover

We Eukaryotes cover

Atoms & Light cover

TROIKA - Countryhumans USSR x America

The world is electrified. Everything runs on electricity, from lighting to transport, life support to social media. Oblivion. Then, grid is down. And the world turns dark. And doesn't turn back on. America, the most forward thinking and innovative Western idealist, has answers. Her feminist values push her neck to neck with her male peers. She is one of the first to figure out that the grid will eventually fail, because of the vein of fossil fuel instability, trying to raise the alarm. When the grid does fail, she doesn't even get the satisfaction to say 'I told you so' before she is forced to collaborate in the TROIKA - a trio of biologist, engineer, and geophysicist that must find an immediate and then long-term solution to power the earth. Oh, and she has no choice. USSR, a cynic planner and injured war veteran, has questions. Torn between his eastern roots and western intelligence, he struggles to fit in, curb his aggression, and deal with personal loss. Instead of notifying the world of the impending grid failure, he builds a vast arsenal nuclear plants to power his land against the rules, and when the grid falls, his lights and machines keep running. When finally his arrest occurs, he finds himself in a unique situation, offered a position in the TROIKA - but if he declines, then a life of darkness behind bars awaits him. The goal of the TROIKA is simple: Be quick, be correct, be ready. It doesn't take long for USSR and America to loathe each other on principle, each with their own goals and ideals, clashing on everything from fashion to economics. Can they push away their pride and save the world, maybe even themselves? Or will their bitterness engulf everyone in thick, oily darkness forever? A single choice will ultimately decide their fate. TROIKA: The Future is Nuclear. The Future is Unclear. NOT for sensitive readers, please do not read if you cannot handle violence, loss, terminate disease or mature content - 16+ Thanks!