We Eukaryotes - Duncan MacPhun - Wattpad

We Eukaryotes

Reads 104
Votes 21
Parts 13
Time 1h 10m

Reads 104
Votes 21
Parts 13
Time 1h 10m

About 1.5 billion years ago, the single-celled eukaryotes became the common ancestors of all multicellular plants, animals, and fungi.

Fish evolved a primitive lung sac and four limbs, 350 million years ago, so they could crawl between fresh water swamps. 

About 250 million years ago, the ancestors of all mammals, were tiny nocturnal insectivores and, about 6 million years ago, we began walking on two legs. 

The most recent Ice Age (2.6 million to 12,000 years ago), severely reduced rainfall in Africa, where Homo habilis was evolving.

In Homo erectus (1.9 to 0.5 million years ago), cranial capacity increased to between 850 and 1000 cm3 implying the phenomenal increase of 125,000 more neurons with each generation.

Between 70 and 50 thousand years ago, Homo sapiens spread out from east Africa. 

Then, about 20,000 years ago, evolution made a sharp change in direction.  After 250 million years, we ceased to be  hunter gatherers. The Neolithic Revolution meant we could never go back.

WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization.  

Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago.  This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity.  The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity.

It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade.  The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned  how to destroy wealth.  Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas.

Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).All Rights Reserved

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Our Sea by duncmacphun

The arms race began in Mesopotamia with the invention of composite bows, light chariots and crossbows. The Persian (Iranian) emperor tried to conquer Athens in 480 BCE but was delayed by the Spartans at Thermopylae while Greek warships destroyed the Persian fleet. The Macedonian ruler, Alexander the Great, completely destroyed the Persian armies by 326 BCE and established the Greek empire. Then, between 600 and 200 BCE, a few hundred Greeks revolutionized science, mathematics, medicine, engineering, history, law and philosophy. Meanwhile, Greeks settlers in Sicily were in conflict with Rome and, by first century BCE, Romans had conquered Greece, Egypt, Carthage and the old Persian empire. Roman traders made large profits using the Silk Road between Rome, China and India and which created higher incomes though out the Roman empire. Roman engineers built more than 80,000 km of roads throughout the empire and 800 km of aqueducts in Rome delivered a million cubic metres of water each day. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

The True King (Completed) by Lizardboy22

People changed into dinosaurs and prehistoric reptiles ranging from small dinosaurs such as Microraptor to giants such as Argentinosaurus a colossal one plus foot long herbivore. Read the journey of Ash Huntsman and his friends as they start off as humans before they become hunters. Will they reach the highest point of the food pyramid? Will he become the king and the strongest apex predator the world has seen? I will be editing this later on but not quite yet expect the process to start sometime in March maybe April of this year. Marine retiles include animals from the Cambrian period to Cretaceous period. Giants of these include Mosasaurus, giant sharks, and the earliest Brontoscropio from the Cambrian period. Ancient animals: postosuchus, gorgonopsid, and dimetrodons. Time periods in order oldest to youngest Palaeozoic era begins: Cambrian 570-492 Million years ago Ordovician 492- 435 Million Years ago Silurian 435-412 Million years ago Devonian 412-354 Million years ago Carboniferous splits into two eras Mississippian and Pennsylvanian 354- 286 Million Years ago Permian 286-248 Million Years ago Massive extinction ending the Palaeozoic Era Palaeozoic era ends and Mesozoic begins: Triassic Period 248-213 million years ago Jurassic Period 213- 144 million years ago Cretaceous Period 144- 65 million years ago Biggest Mass extinction since the Permian Period. These are the time periods which the prehistoric creatures are from -------------------- Total Word Count: 35551 words in total ------------------- Rankings as of 11/30/20 1# Ecosystem 3# Migration 14#prey 28# dinosaur

Behind every mean girl...there's a tragedy by Winchesters_united

The average human being spends every second of his day fighting against the force of nature to see another day. But I'm different. I'm not afraid of outside forces to take my life away - only myself. Approximately 10 years ago, something happened to me. Something really bad. But I'm not allowed to talk about it. As a way to release my frustration, I give hell to my body and everyone I come in contact with - especially my parents. No one knows about what happened except the ones who did it...and Him. But he didn't stay. Now, he's back and he's not talking either. I want to stop hurting, I need to stop. Make me stop.

Health by duncmacphun

The human population increased from 1 billion to 7.8 billion between 1800 and 2020 because of sewage treatment, clean drinking water, vitamins, vaccines and antibiotics. In the USA in 1800, 46% of babies died before their fifth birthday; in 2020 less than 1% died. (Breastfeeding babies up to 12 months should be given 400 IU of vitamin D per day; 600 IU thereafter). In 1536, Jacques Cartier's crew were cured of scurvy with a tea made from the arbor vitae tree's needles (which have 50 mg of vitamin C per 100g). In 1796, Dr.E.Jenner developed a smallpox vaccine from cowpox. In 1812, When Napoleon invaded Russia only 40,000 soldiers survived a typhus epidemic; over 400,000 died. Between1848 and 1870, life expectancy in Liverpool, England, increased from 19 years to 40 years because of the new sewage system. In 1854, Dr. J. Snow identified a public well as the source of a cholera outbreak in London. In 1865, J.Lister applied a carbolic acid solution, to a boy's broken leg and was amazed when the leg bones fused back together without gangrene. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Fix Me, I'm Broken by Ana11e1y

Walking into an empty house is normal to me. I guess I got tired of saying 'I'm home' when nobody is home to reply. It wasn't always like this. I remember when our family was close. Now we don't see each other any more. We don't talk to each other. We don't eat with each other. We don't ACKNOWLEDGE each other. This all happened after my 'Mother' killed herself. My father blames me. This is my story about how I learned to not count on anyone else but myself. I'm broken. I'm used. No one can fix me. But when the New Boy in town tries to fix me, everything will change. Good change or Bad change, I don't know. Only time will tell. I want to enter this story in the #Wattys2015 please help me out and vote and comment on my story. I'll really appreciate it!!! #Wattys2015 COPYRIGHTED Â© 2014 BY Anallely ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Â®

To the Well-Organized Mind by AyndhriaSoung

After Earth is ravaged by climate change and the Cataclysm-the largest earthquake in history- humans are struggling to survive. Swathes of unlivable landscapes, the Barrens, continue to grow. Everywhere else is a battleground, where humans fight each other for food, water, and shelter. Humanity's numbers further dwindle as they fall victim to a new bacteria unearthed by the Cataclysm, Dementium feralis. It causes humans to lose their higher cognitive functions and turn feral, like the primates they originated from. There is no cure. Nia is a survivor of this world. She makes a living doing the riskiest endeavors-traveling the Barrens, collecting survivors, and hunting for the remaining vaccines that can help delay feralism. People are in awe of her willingness to risk her life, but it's easy when your days are numbered, and hers are. She's turning feral. However, her latest foray into the Barrens leads to an incredible discovery: someone with the potential to create a feralism cure. But it takes time and risk to create a cure, without promise of a payout. To Nia, some fates are worse than death, and the only absolute is the oblivion of feralism awaiting her. She must choose what to embrace: the feralism that could be humanity's only survival, or the risk for a cure. **** Now available on Amazon! https://www.amazon.com/Well-Organized-Mind-Andrea-Soung/dp/B0C6BQTZ2B/?_encoding=UTF8&pd_rd_w=Fl3EC&content-id=amzn1.sym.ed85217c-14c9-4aa0-b248-e47393e2ce12&pf_rd_p=ed85217c-14c9-4aa0-b248-e47393e2ce12&pf_rd_r=139-9204535-3864644&pd_rd_wg=rvk9V&pd_rd_r=1a892e06-01ad-4e5e-802a-e856a57daf20&ref_=aufs_ap_sc_dsk **** Cover art compiled by Andrea Soung Man image credit: https://pixabay.com/illustrations/man-destruction-double-exposure-1519665/ Wasteland image credit: https://pixabay.com/illustrations/landscape-scenery-nature-deserts-6880552/

Middle Era by duncmacphun

Jesus and Muhammad adopted the Hebrew's belief in one God and Christianity and Islam spread throughout the world. The Chinese were using gunpowder in the 9th century and, by the 13th , cannon dominated the battlefields. Paper money appeared in China from 1216, as many financial transactions were too large for heavy bronze coins. The Anglo-Saxons built light, fast ships to stop the Vikings raiding Britain and, in 1546, Henry VIII established the "Navy Royal" which Elizabeth I used to defeat the Spanish armada. Before 1764 a worker needed 50,000 hours to spin 100 lb of cotton thread on a hand-powered wheel but only 300 hours with a spinning machine. Between 1770 and 1773, James Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle and mapped the coasts of New Zealand, Australia and the west coast of north America. By 100 BCE, Chinese were weaving complex silk brocade cloth. In 1804, J. M. Jacquard reinvented the Chinese loom, using a chain of cards to control which threads of weft or warp appeared on the cloth. This was the beginning of computers. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Everyones Obsessed* by Cie1_5

The past carries an unjust history. Immoral actions mark the present. The future holds untold consequences. Bad things happen to good people, and good people do bad things. | | || ||| ||||| |||||||| ||||||||||||| You, of all people, should understand the obsession. Whether it's the endless hours lost to a screen, the compulsion to scroll through forums, the need for that next high, the haunting grip of past trauma, the fixation on someone unattainable, the pursuit of a fleeting feeling, or even the inexplicable attachment to something as simple as frogs-obsession has woven itself into every corner of your life. •__ •_ •• •_• •_• • •••• / ••_ • •_• I have done terrible things because I let obsession take over me. It wasn't always that way. It started as a lie; it became true one day. I told myself I was in control and could stop anytime, but I only lied to myself. I was powerless. I never wanted to hurt anyone; I hurt him and myself. Now, I'm left with the wreckage of my choices. I wonder if there's any way to get things back to how they were before. Xgbs bqf zpv patfttfc xisg? To us, they are just another random person: the letters carved on the table, the artist of old graffiti, the person who also walked into the restroom, the reason the trash is full, or the garbage thrower on the side of the streets. But to them, they're the main fucking character in their own story, and each mark, item, digital trace, and photo they have makes a fragment of their existence. We may never know their face or name, but the traces they left remind us that everyone's lives intersect, creating a vast web of connections; unnoticed or not, they are never truly invisible. Dy32Al43Dy44|Dy11Al99Dy33|Dy44Dy87Dy22|Dy01Dy87|Dy87Al11Dy01Dy33Dy01Dy01Dy33Al21|Dy32Dy55Al01Al43|Dy21Al99Dy11Dy21Dy65Dy55Al77Dy43|Dy21Dy87Al21Dy33Dy01/

Wealth by duncmacphun

Banking began in Florence, Venice and Genoa in the 14th century when Jews set up their benches in the piazzas to loan money and insure farmers crops. The ideas spread to Amsterdam and London, while the first stock exchange began in Amsterdam in 1611. Granted a charter in 1600, the East India company paid investors an average dividend of 16% per year. John Locke, by asserting that liberty was the basis for a prosperous society, influenced the United States Declaration of Independence. Lloyd's of London insurance market began in 1774. In 1776, Adam Smith explained how rational self-interest, competition and free markets would eliminate poverty. Milton Friedman maintained a country's abilities derived from its free markets while its failures came from government intervention. Bill Gates became rich by devising software that everyone wanted to buy. In the process he employed thousands in well paid jobs. In 2020, the U.S. flooded the economy with money to prevent a depression caused by a pandemic. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

steam by duncmacphun

On a 10 weeks sea trial in 1761, J.Harrison's chronometer was in error by less than 5 seconds. In 1758, Dr E.Darwin replaced the ancient front axle design with two stub axles, pivoting near the wheel; now a feature of all vehicles. F.G. Koenig used his steam driven press, to print an edition of The Times newspaper, in 1814. The Rocket locomotive won the 1829 Rainhill Trials with a top speed of 30 miles per hour. A steamship, from New York City took 115 days to reach to San Francisco in 1848. In 1851, all telegraph stations in the USA were connected and by 1940 there were 40 telegraph lines across the Atlantic. Corrugated paper was invented in 1856, to stiffen tall hats and, in 1874, Oliver Long inventing corrugated board. In 1861, waterwheel powered air compressors and pneumatic drills, cut construction time by 16 years for a tunnel in Switzerland. Fritz Haber's discovered a process to make ammonia fertilizer in 1914. In 1887, Nicola Tesla invented the first AC motor. In 1903, an automatic machine was able to make 2,500 bottles an hour. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

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Slide 1 of 10

The True King (Completed) cover

Behind every mean girl...there's a tragedy cover

Fix Me, I'm Broken cover

To the Well-Organized Mind cover

Middle Era cover

Everyones Obsessed* cover

Our Sea

The arms race began in Mesopotamia with the invention of composite bows, light chariots and crossbows. The Persian (Iranian) emperor tried to conquer Athens in 480 BCE but was delayed by the Spartans at Thermopylae while Greek warships destroyed the Persian fleet. The Macedonian ruler, Alexander the Great, completely destroyed the Persian armies by 326 BCE and established the Greek empire. Then, between 600 and 200 BCE, a few hundred Greeks revolutionized science, mathematics, medicine, engineering, history, law and philosophy. Meanwhile, Greeks settlers in Sicily were in conflict with Rome and, by first century BCE, Romans had conquered Greece, Egypt, Carthage and the old Persian empire. Roman traders made large profits using the Silk Road between Rome, China and India and which created higher incomes though out the Roman empire. Roman engineers built more than 80,000 km of roads throughout the empire and 800 km of aqueducts in Rome delivered a million cubic metres of water each day. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).