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Sapphire is a single crystal of alumina(α-Al2O3), also known as corundum. Sapphire single crystal has a high melting point (2040 ℃), high hardness (Mohs hardness 9), stable chemical properties, good electrical insulation, especially excellent infrared transmittance. It can be used in near-infrared window, microwave tube dielectric material, ultrasonic transmission element, delay line, waveguide laser cavity and precision instrument bearing, balance blade, a semiconductor substrate, etc.
Sapphire single crystal and its products play an important role in both military and civil use because they are widely used in the national defense industry, aerospace science and technology research and civil fields.