Nuclear - Duncan MacPhun - Wattpad

Nuclear

Reads 232
Votes 57
Parts 23
Time 2h 9m

Reads 232
Votes 57
Parts 23
Time 2h 9m

H.Becquerel found uranium emitted radiation and, in1898, M.Curie extracted minute traces of radium from ore.

J.Maxwell predicted electro-magnetic radiation in 1855 and Einstein formulated special relativity; mass could be converted into energy. 

In 1905, E.Rutherford found radon gas emitted helium nuclei.  

In 1919, F.Aston identified 212 naturally occurring isotopes. 
 But why was the atomic weight of helium exactly 4.000 and not 4.032?

In 1925, Rutherford transmuted nitrogen into an isotope of oxygen. 

By 1934, J.Chadwick had found neutrons emitted by polonium and E.Fermi had transmuted uranium into plutonium. 

Fermi's research reactor went critical in 1942.

The 235-uranium was extracted at Oak Ridge, while plutonium was produced in Washington state and the first atom bomb exploded in New Mexico in 1945. 

Two more atom bombs destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending the war with Japan.

The first practical nuclear power plant was developed for submarines 
and, by 2021, 442 fission reactors supplied about 10% of the world's electricity. 



WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization.  

Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago.  This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity.  The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity.

It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade.  The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned  how to destroy wealth.  Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas.

Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).All Rights Reserved

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Middle Era by duncmacphun

Jesus and Muhammad adopted the Hebrew's belief in one God and Christianity and Islam spread throughout the world. The Chinese were using gunpowder in the 9th century and, by the 13th , cannon dominated the battlefields. Paper money appeared in China from 1216, as many financial transactions were too large for heavy bronze coins. The Anglo-Saxons built light, fast ships to stop the Vikings raiding Britain and, in 1546, Henry VIII established the "Navy Royal" which Elizabeth I used to defeat the Spanish armada. Before 1764 a worker needed 50,000 hours to spin 100 lb of cotton thread on a hand-powered wheel but only 300 hours with a spinning machine. Between 1770 and 1773, James Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle and mapped the coasts of New Zealand, Australia and the west coast of north America. By 100 BCE, Chinese were weaving complex silk brocade cloth. In 1804, J. M. Jacquard reinvented the Chinese loom, using a chain of cards to control which threads of weft or warp appeared on the cloth. This was the beginning of computers. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Hero Time (Composite Ben 10 reader x Multiple Crossovers) by Bill_s

"In a world where Grimm, Danger Beasts, Monsters, and notorious villains run rampant, there are those who stand against them. Benders, Huntsmen, Heroes, people who have the power to fight them, for the sole purpose of defending the innocent. At least some of them. Other guys just want to prove how powerful they are, and push around people without powers. I learned that the hard way. My name is Y/n Tennyson. I'm 20 years old, and I am in possession of the most powerful alien weapons, in the universe. When I was little, people like Bakugo and Issei picked on me everyday, just because I was too powerless to do anything. So one day, I decided to drop out of Union Academy and went on a cross country road trip with my grandpa and cousin. Then on our first stop, I went out on a walk where a meteor fell out of the sky and crashed right in front of me. But, as it turns out, it wasn't a meteor, but a pod containing a watch that, once stuck upon your wrist, could turn you into any alien you want. Needless to say that my life went uphill from there. I traveled across the galaxy, saved it from blowing up. Fought a giant alien, AS a giant alien. Stopped a race from destroying the universe. Blew up my watch. Got a new one. Dated a tennis player, and broke up with her. Fought a giant alien, as a giant alien AGAIN, this time in Tokyo. Killed an interdimensional demon along with my archnemesis. And made friends with a Slimebiote named Skurd. Now me and my friends are unlicensed heroes who defend the world from destruction. Mainly because it's the right thing to do, but partially to show Union Academy what kind of hero I am now. And I can't wait to see the look on their faces." (None of the images, videos, or gifs in the book belong to me. I own none of the properties you will see in this fan fiction, they all belong to their respective owners. Any characters depicted in romantic or sexual context is 18 years old or older. You belong to yourself.)

We Eukaryotes by duncmacphun

About 1.5 billion years ago, the single-celled eukaryotes became the common ancestors of all multicellular plants, animals, and fungi. Fish evolved a primitive lung sac and four limbs, 350 million years ago, so they could crawl between fresh water swamps. About 250 million years ago, the ancestors of all mammals, were tiny nocturnal insectivores and, about 6 million years ago, we began walking on two legs. The most recent Ice Age (2.6 million to 12,000 years ago), severely reduced rainfall in Africa, where Homo habilis was evolving. In Homo erectus (1.9 to 0.5 million years ago), cranial capacity increased to between 850 and 1000 cm3 implying the phenomenal increase of 125,000 more neurons with each generation. Between 70 and 50 thousand years ago, Homo sapiens spread out from east Africa. Then, about 20,000 years ago, evolution made a sharp change in direction. After 250 million years, we ceased to be hunter gatherers. The Neolithic Revolution meant we could never go back. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Life Of Y/n Banner// Wanda Maximoff x Fem!Reader by Bucky_is_our_king

Si vis pacem, para bellum. //If you want peace, prepare for war// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The daughter of the infamous Bruce Banner most known for his time spent saving the world as the Hulk and for his research in gamma radiation. Y/n Banner has never been a secret to the world but her story keeps being altered. So this is her story through her view. Watch as she makes it through physical and mental hurting with crazed and intensified emotions, loss, and through it all love. You may think you know her story but trust me, you don't. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ So I started running. You assume most nerds aren't physically fit but this nerd could run for hours on end and never get tired. Sarah called me the young Steve Rogers even though when Steve Rogers was young it was hard enough for him to walk long distances nevermind run. Running has become a common thing with me. Especially at night after my nightmares. The nightmares are roughly the same, the experiment that turned my dad into a big green monster but instead he doesn't survive the blast. What a lot of people don't know is that I was actually in the lab with him. I watched as he tested the machines to make sure there were no accidents or causalities. Everything seemed to be fine, until it wasn't. The machine malfunctioned and the gamma rays went out of control. Not only did my dad get hit but so did I. The effects weren't exactly the same obviously but they did the same job of giving the victims unnatural abilities. On my run I started to think more about the accident as tears streamed down my face and my feet started to feel like they were on fire since my body wanted to just give out and sulk. My mother chose to leave me, my father tried to leave me. What is it about me that repels people? Why doesn't anyone want me? _________________________________________ Started: 7/16/21 Finished: 7/10/22 DISCLAIMER: I do not own any of these characters they belong to Stan Lee🕊️ and Marvel

Supernovae and Life by duncmacphun

Space and time began about 13.7 billion years ago but it consisted almost exclusively of hydrogen until some stars grew sufficiently massive to create the heavier elements in gigantic explosions called supernovae. The Sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago with an orbiting disk of debris that became the Solar System and, about 4.4 billion years ago, the Earth was cool enough for liquid water. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus make up 99% of the mass of the human body. These elements combine to form molecules ranging from water to the twin helices of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that specify the genetic code. Life on Earth probably began with complex, virus-like molecules that over billions of years evolved cells and the ability to split carbon dioxide and water (H2O). The poisonous waste product, oxygen, released into the atmosphere, probably caused the first mass extinctions on Earth. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved the health, education, and longevity of almost everyone. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. Civilization began when we discovered how to use fire and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture and trade made us richer but we also discovered how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Invention by duncmacphun

In 1885 a Pennsylvanian oil field produced 77 % of the world's oil supply. By 1889, J.Maxwell's equations for electro-magnetism and H.R. Hertz's, proof inspired Einstein's theory of relativity. By 1841, W.Talbot and J. Herschel had fixed photographic images on silver iodide coated paper. Kodachrome film captured red, green, and blue colours in three layers of emulsion in 1936. J.M. Spangler developed the first successful portable 'Electric Suction Sweeper' in 1908. In 1851, I. Singer added a foot treadle drive to his sewing machines and, by 1900, a shirt could be made in one hour. In 1885, John Starley and William Sutton invented the modern safety bicycle. S. Morse sent his first telegraph message in 1844 and 32 years later, Alexander Graham Bell made the first long-distance telephone call. The rotary Strowger switch allowed connections without an operator in 1891. Banks of these later provided 13,200 voice channels on one coaxial cable. Marconi's spark gap radio of 1896 was crucial during the 1912 Titanic disaster. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Engineering by duncmacphun

Denis Papin built the first steam engine in 1705 and, by 1800, Boulton and Watt had built 451steam engines. In 1870, the British produced 4 million tons of coke for iron and steel production and locomotive and industrial engines. Axel Cronstedt identified tungsten in 1757. Tungsten carbide, proved almost as hard as diamond making it invaluable for cutting tools. Li Chun's Zhaozhou Bridge, in China, was finished in 605 CE and it is still in use. The Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Hong Kong, completed in 1997, has a main span of 430 metres (1,410 ft). In 1886, P.Héroult and C.Hall both dissolved alumina in cryolite, to make pure aluminum by electrolysis. E.Fouché and C.Picard developed oxygen-acetylene torches for welding and cutting steel in 1903. Henry Wickham smuggled 70,000 rubber tree seeds from Brazil, in 1876. Charles Goodyear developed vulcanization in 1840 and by 2017 the world produced 28 million tons of rubber; more than half of which was synthetic. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

New World || Steve R. by EvelynBatres

❝How does it feel?❞ I ask. ❝Excuse me?❞ ❝How does it feel to wake up seventy years after the war?❞ I correct. ❝Lots have changed, of course. This.. technology, it's very handy. Its like entering a vortex of some kind of...❞ ❝New world?❞ I finish his sentence. ❝Yeah, some kind of new world.❞ To be only 23 and have no idea what even is going on, I practically sit on the same boat as Steve Rogers along with Bruce Banner. I've discovered my powers not long ago. I was 18 when I killed my parents. It was never on purpose. A stupid argument drove us off a bridge. I didn't know I've lost control when the steering wheel made a sharp turn. I was the only one to survive. I've moved past my parent's death. I've learned to control myself and my abilities. But what was to come next has changed my life forever. NOTE: THIS TAKES PLACE ON THE FIRST AVENGERS MOVIE, 2012. I ONLY OWN KATE MCCAN.

The Four - Book 1 by gracey_liz

(NOT EDITED AT ALL) (LOTS OF GRAMMAR ERRORS) (I was young when I wrote this lol) "You're special, fire boy," the man grins, "you and the others are just getting started." - Fire. Earth. Water. Air. It's 2890. In the US, everyone gets one of the elements powers when they are born, usually their parents element. But the elements no longer get along. They keep themselves separated from one another, not daring to interact, knowing it will cause havoc and destruction. But the government wants to test the elements together. And they've been watching, waiting for the right elements that can handle the job. And they've found them. *** Highest rank: #5 in Science Fiction Cover: @lucifehh WARNING: There is some harsh language, read at your own risk

Health by duncmacphun

The human population increased from 1 billion to 7.8 billion between 1800 and 2020 because of sewage treatment, clean drinking water, vitamins, vaccines and antibiotics. In the USA in 1800, 46% of babies died before their fifth birthday; in 2020 less than 1% died. (Breastfeeding babies up to 12 months should be given 400 IU of vitamin D per day; 600 IU thereafter). In 1536, Jacques Cartier's crew were cured of scurvy with a tea made from the arbor vitae tree's needles (which have 50 mg of vitamin C per 100g). In 1796, Dr.E.Jenner developed a smallpox vaccine from cowpox. In 1812, When Napoleon invaded Russia only 40,000 soldiers survived a typhus epidemic; over 400,000 died. Between1848 and 1870, life expectancy in Liverpool, England, increased from 19 years to 40 years because of the new sewage system. In 1854, Dr. J. Snow identified a public well as the source of a cholera outbreak in London. In 1865, J.Lister applied a carbolic acid solution, to a boy's broken leg and was amazed when the leg bones fused back together without gangrene. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

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Slide 1 of 10

Middle Era cover

Hero Time (Composite Ben 10 reader x Multiple Crossovers) cover

We Eukaryotes cover

Life Of Y/n Banner// Wanda Maximoff x Fem!Reader cover

Supernovae and Life cover

Invention cover

Engineering cover

New World || Steve R. cover

The Four - Book 1 cover

Middle Era

Jesus and Muhammad adopted the Hebrew's belief in one God and Christianity and Islam spread throughout the world. The Chinese were using gunpowder in the 9th century and, by the 13th , cannon dominated the battlefields. Paper money appeared in China from 1216, as many financial transactions were too large for heavy bronze coins. The Anglo-Saxons built light, fast ships to stop the Vikings raiding Britain and, in 1546, Henry VIII established the "Navy Royal" which Elizabeth I used to defeat the Spanish armada. Before 1764 a worker needed 50,000 hours to spin 100 lb of cotton thread on a hand-powered wheel but only 300 hours with a spinning machine. Between 1770 and 1773, James Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle and mapped the coasts of New Zealand, Australia and the west coast of north America. By 100 BCE, Chinese were weaving complex silk brocade cloth. In 1804, J. M. Jacquard reinvented the Chinese loom, using a chain of cards to control which threads of weft or warp appeared on the cloth. This was the beginning of computers. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).