Atmospheric - Duncan MacPhun - Wattpad

Atmospheric

Reads 245
Votes 39
Parts 22
Time 1h 3m

Reads 245
Votes 39
Parts 22
Time 1h 3m

The eruption of Tonga's underwater volcano, in January 2022, vaporized 
150 million tons of seawater and shot a geyser of super heated steam through the stratosphere. The water vapour, a strong greenhouse gas, may increase global temperatures for at least five years. 

For the past 800,000 years, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) was about 290 parts per million (ppm).  Many people believe the current atmospheric CO2 concentration of 415 ppm is causing global warming. (While commercial greenhouses use 1000 to 1500 ppm of CO2 to optimize plant growth).  

But . . . there is no correlation between temperature and atmospheric CO2 over the past 500 million years, so CO2 does not appear to directly affect the temperature.

And . . . the automatic thermostatic effect of a small increase in cloud cover could offset the effect of greenhouse gases by reflecting more solar radiation back into space.

Between 717 and 635 million years ago, the Earth was probably covered in ice and snow. However, between 56 and 34 million years ago the average temperature near the poles was 25°C warmer than it is today.

The Little Ice Age devastated harvests in Europe from 1300 to 1850 CE, causing starvation and sickness.  Wood was expensive so, in London, England, people began burning coal despite the smoke and dirt. 


But . . . almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors.  In the past 70 years, the average life span increased from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income grew from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day.

This explosive growth in productivity (largely as a result of fossil fuels) was responsible for astonishing improvements in health, education, and longevity. 

Eliminating fossil fuels will cause massive declines in productivity but the average person is still expected to be four times richer by 2100 CE despite disruptions.   

Read WEALTH at  https://www.wattpad.com/user/duncmacphunAll Rights Reserved

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Health by duncmacphun

The human population increased from 1 billion to 7.8 billion between 1800 and 2020 because of sewage treatment, clean drinking water, vitamins, vaccines and antibiotics. In the USA in 1800, 46% of babies died before their fifth birthday; in 2020 less than 1% died. (Breastfeeding babies up to 12 months should be given 400 IU of vitamin D per day; 600 IU thereafter). In 1536, Jacques Cartier's crew were cured of scurvy with a tea made from the arbor vitae tree's needles (which have 50 mg of vitamin C per 100g). In 1796, Dr.E.Jenner developed a smallpox vaccine from cowpox. In 1812, When Napoleon invaded Russia only 40,000 soldiers survived a typhus epidemic; over 400,000 died. Between1848 and 1870, life expectancy in Liverpool, England, increased from 19 years to 40 years because of the new sewage system. In 1854, Dr. J. Snow identified a public well as the source of a cholera outbreak in London. In 1865, J.Lister applied a carbolic acid solution, to a boy's broken leg and was amazed when the leg bones fused back together without gangrene. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Northern Exposure: The divided by LukenDuPont

Without warning it began! The inevitable, I think it's fair to assume this book is not in my possession. This means I'm most likely dead. Most nights I wrestle the reason I have chosen to explain what happened, the things we did to each other, things no human being should witness. I Wright this simply to enlighten your poor soul and give you more of a chance than I had. A chance to survive what is most likely the brink of human extinction. Times are harder now and as the days go by we are less of our former selves. We have become husks floating around in a lost, desolate world. I look at this place and it still seems so alien to me, as the days roll into the nights I'm still unsure of how we got to this point. If you are reading this, you too are probably North and very much aware of what has happened to our beloved city. I feel a responsibility to inform you that you will most likely share the same fate as I have. I understand you may be wondering what's worse than death, trust me in this place death seems like a paradise compared. I do not know why I still feel so obligated to write this. To be honest most nights I think its just an escape from the madness, like a natural sedative it's the only way I can fall asleep in this hell. However I do need to clear my conscious and pay dividend for my demons. I need you to know what happened to me; I need you to know what we have become and what we are capable of. I need you to know why we have chosen to kill each other, why the smell of human flesh lingers in the air like slow roast pork on a Sunday afternoon. Why bodies litter our streets. Why things that seemed to be so impossible happen in front of our very own eyes. Why conformity i this place is the unreal ideas people live their lives by and why I was included into this group of youthful abominations. All of this might be irrelevant compared to what I am about to tell you.

Ascension by lkhunt0814

There is no such thing as a good side and bad side in a war. We are both the good and bad side. It just depends on your perspective. At the end of the day when the sun goes down we are still the murderers who took the lives of hundreds and sometimes thousands. We are still the ones who have orphaned children. And you call us saints but no, soldiers are murderers who hide behind patriotism and lies. -Lorelei Jameson WARNING THIS IS A SEQUEL. Go read Journey before you read Ascension. Lorelei and Indiana escape from Headquarters only to find out that the war is in full swing. even though the Colony is getting more and more recruitments everyday they still only have a fraction of the amount the Extorians have. They start to receive aid from a planet known as Orion A in the Orion Binary system. The people on Cambaar start to wonder if they really are on the planet of Cambaar. Someone is keeping secrets and they might decide the fate of the Colony. The plan to end the war just might work but it is the most controversial topic in history. The people of Cambaar split into two sides over the final battle. Lorelei still doesn't believe it will work. As the war rages forward relationships unravel. Sanity is lost. And blood is spilt across the forbidding land. They finally begin to understand what it means when they hear "The price of war isn't just blood". 5- nuclear war (6-17-19)

Innsania 2C /Lucy pov/ by Blue_rose_707

Everything started in 2036. The pollution was so bad that the end of the world was predicted to be right around the corner. As complete panic set in around the world, the rich and important people were all gathered and placed on giant spaceships with enough resources and room to house generations of human beings. Before they left though, the government leaders fired As a result, most of the human population died off and earth was a complete wasteland. The little that survived started building local communities and trying to survive in the destroyed excuse of a planet. On the disaster of a planet, creatures mutated and were born out of the nuclear chemicals; creating new species and monsters that hunted humans. While hundreds and hundreds of years passed, the monsters kept evolving and the people kept adapting while still trying to keep a sort of community. They didn't want to lose all of their humanity and become nothing more than animals that hunted the monsters: then they would truly be no better than the monsters themselves. So they stayed civil while still doing what it took to survive.

Sileo Day Survivors. by -busydoingnothing

Humans were always destined to be extinct but the start. Evolution had killed of several before. Now, it was their turn. But, they would be bringing the earth down with them this time. Their downfall was desecrate to their being. It was their own fault. It was their own faults, their flaws, that lead to what came next for earth. Everyone had been talking about it since the 1950's; global warming was rising the temperatures, killing off land for exotic lifeforms, and soon, what the humans had created would lead to them all dead too. And they all thought that artificial intelligence would kill them? Ha, silly humans. what they created out of greenhouse gases was the true reason of the next mass extinction. In order to preserve time, to buy themselves the time that they had left, the world had somehow formed into one world order, and all lived in the United States Of America, across the states, too. It was very calm, and how their government worked, was there was their leader, their ruler, their king, along with a bunch of advisors who sat on the council, as they all tried to figure out how to combat the rising emissions. They had all agreed that living on a sustainable earth was plausible, but knew that the fight was far from over. But, the fight had to be over soon, because if they did not stop it very soon, they'd be on brink of no return. Of getting up from their place they'd been calling home for 3.4 eons, and finally colonizing another planet. But, they could not, because they knew it would still take them months, and months to get all the supplies, and even then, the supplies wouldn't be enough to host everyone on earth. Some had to be executed, or left behind, waiting for their doom. Their decision? Only the top 1% leave earth to try and colonize another planet. Everyone else would die on what would be known as Sileo Day, which was to happen in less then 24 hours. Some could try and escape, but it would be no use. Or, would it?

Supernovae and Life by duncmacphun

Space and time began about 13.7 billion years ago but it consisted almost exclusively of hydrogen until some stars grew sufficiently massive to create the heavier elements in gigantic explosions called supernovae. The Sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago with an orbiting disk of debris that became the Solar System and, about 4.4 billion years ago, the Earth was cool enough for liquid water. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus make up 99% of the mass of the human body. These elements combine to form molecules ranging from water to the twin helices of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that specify the genetic code. Life on Earth probably began with complex, virus-like molecules that over billions of years evolved cells and the ability to split carbon dioxide and water (H2O). The poisonous waste product, oxygen, released into the atmosphere, probably caused the first mass extinctions on Earth. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved the health, education, and longevity of almost everyone. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. Civilization began when we discovered how to use fire and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture and trade made us richer but we also discovered how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

steam by duncmacphun

On a 10 weeks sea trial in 1761, J.Harrison's chronometer was in error by less than 5 seconds. In 1758, Dr E.Darwin replaced the ancient front axle design with two stub axles, pivoting near the wheel; now a feature of all vehicles. F.G. Koenig used his steam driven press, to print an edition of The Times newspaper, in 1814. The Rocket locomotive won the 1829 Rainhill Trials with a top speed of 30 miles per hour. A steamship, from New York City took 115 days to reach to San Francisco in 1848. In 1851, all telegraph stations in the USA were connected and by 1940 there were 40 telegraph lines across the Atlantic. Corrugated paper was invented in 1856, to stiffen tall hats and, in 1874, Oliver Long inventing corrugated board. In 1861, waterwheel powered air compressors and pneumatic drills, cut construction time by 16 years for a tunnel in Switzerland. Fritz Haber's discovered a process to make ammonia fertilizer in 1914. In 1887, Nicola Tesla invented the first AC motor. In 1903, an automatic machine was able to make 2,500 bottles an hour. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Atoms & Light by duncmacphun

In 1657, Otto von Guericke pumped the air from two hemispheres and eight horses could not pull them apart. Amontons found a volume of air shrank as the temperature fell and realized that it would become zero. In 1774, Joseph Priestley isolated oxygen while Lavoisier released hydrogen and burned this with oxygen to make water. In 1832, Michael Faraday built the first electric motor and generator. John Newlands noticed similar chemical properties in a list of elements demonstrating the existence of unknown elements. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented a microscope with 300 times magnification allowing him to see bacteria, spermatozoa and red blood cells. In 1605, Kepler concluded that all the planets moved in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo reported that the orbital periods of Jupiter's moons permitted accurate determination of longitude on Earth. Newton and Leibniz independently invented calculus, used extensively in mathematics, science, engineering and economics. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

The Four - Book 1 by gracey_liz

(NOT EDITED AT ALL) (LOTS OF GRAMMAR ERRORS) (I was young when I wrote this lol) "You're special, fire boy," the man grins, "you and the others are just getting started." - Fire. Earth. Water. Air. It's 2890. In the US, everyone gets one of the elements powers when they are born, usually their parents element. But the elements no longer get along. They keep themselves separated from one another, not daring to interact, knowing it will cause havoc and destruction. But the government wants to test the elements together. And they've been watching, waiting for the right elements that can handle the job. And they've found them. *** Highest rank: #5 in Science Fiction Cover: @lucifehh WARNING: There is some harsh language, read at your own risk

Engineering by duncmacphun

Denis Papin built the first steam engine in 1705 and, by 1800, Boulton and Watt had built 451steam engines. In 1870, the British produced 4 million tons of coke for iron and steel production and locomotive and industrial engines. Axel Cronstedt identified tungsten in 1757. Tungsten carbide, proved almost as hard as diamond making it invaluable for cutting tools. Li Chun's Zhaozhou Bridge, in China, was finished in 605 CE and it is still in use. The Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Hong Kong, completed in 1997, has a main span of 430 metres (1,410 ft). In 1886, P.Héroult and C.Hall both dissolved alumina in cryolite, to make pure aluminum by electrolysis. E.Fouché and C.Picard developed oxygen-acetylene torches for welding and cutting steel in 1903. Henry Wickham smuggled 70,000 rubber tree seeds from Brazil, in 1876. Charles Goodyear developed vulcanization in 1840 and by 2017 the world produced 28 million tons of rubber; more than half of which was synthetic. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

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Slide 1 of 10

Northern Exposure: The divided cover

Ascension cover

Innsania 2C /Lucy pov/ cover

Sileo Day Survivors. cover

Supernovae and Life cover

Atoms & Light cover

The Four - Book 1 cover

Engineering cover

Health

The human population increased from 1 billion to 7.8 billion between 1800 and 2020 because of sewage treatment, clean drinking water, vitamins, vaccines and antibiotics. In the USA in 1800, 46% of babies died before their fifth birthday; in 2020 less than 1% died. (Breastfeeding babies up to 12 months should be given 400 IU of vitamin D per day; 600 IU thereafter). In 1536, Jacques Cartier's crew were cured of scurvy with a tea made from the arbor vitae tree's needles (which have 50 mg of vitamin C per 100g). In 1796, Dr.E.Jenner developed a smallpox vaccine from cowpox. In 1812, When Napoleon invaded Russia only 40,000 soldiers survived a typhus epidemic; over 400,000 died. Between1848 and 1870, life expectancy in Liverpool, England, increased from 19 years to 40 years because of the new sewage system. In 1854, Dr. J. Snow identified a public well as the source of a cholera outbreak in London. In 1865, J.Lister applied a carbolic acid solution, to a boy's broken leg and was amazed when the leg bones fused back together without gangrene. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).