Atmospheric - Duncan MacPhun - Wattpad

Atmospheric

Reads 243
Votes 39
Parts 22
Time 1h 3m

Reads 243
Votes 39
Parts 22
Time 1h 3m

The eruption of Tonga's underwater volcano, in January 2022, vaporized 
150 million tons of seawater and shot a geyser of super heated steam through the stratosphere. The water vapour, a strong greenhouse gas, may increase global temperatures for at least five years. 

For the past 800,000 years, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) was about 290 parts per million (ppm).  Many people believe the current atmospheric CO2 concentration of 415 ppm is causing global warming. (While commercial greenhouses use 1000 to 1500 ppm of CO2 to optimize plant growth).  

But . . . there is no correlation between temperature and atmospheric CO2 over the past 500 million years, so CO2 does not appear to directly affect the temperature.

And . . . the automatic thermostatic effect of a small increase in cloud cover could offset the effect of greenhouse gases by reflecting more solar radiation back into space.

Between 717 and 635 million years ago, the Earth was probably covered in ice and snow. However, between 56 and 34 million years ago the average temperature near the poles was 25°C warmer than it is today.

The Little Ice Age devastated harvests in Europe from 1300 to 1850 CE, causing starvation and sickness.  Wood was expensive so, in London, England, people began burning coal despite the smoke and dirt. 


But . . . almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors.  In the past 70 years, the average life span increased from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income grew from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day.

This explosive growth in productivity (largely as a result of fossil fuels) was responsible for astonishing improvements in health, education, and longevity. 

Eliminating fossil fuels will cause massive declines in productivity but the average person is still expected to be four times richer by 2100 CE despite disruptions.   

Read WEALTH at  https://www.wattpad.com/user/duncmacphunAll Rights Reserved

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22 parts

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Migration by duncmacphun

The Roman Empire began to decline after Germanic tribes crossed the river Rhine in 406 CE. When Constantine III recalled the legions from Britain, three years later, the Angles and Saxons invaded and Britain became known as Angleland. The Visigoths sacked Rome in 410. The Vandals invaded north Africa in 429 and conquered Carthage before crossing the Mediterranean to sack Rome in 455 CE. Meanwhile, Christianity grew from a minor Hebrew religious cult to dominate much of Europe. With the continual violence, people reverted to a poorer lifestyle. However, the metal workers, glass blowers, carpenters, leather workers, rope makers, weavers, potters and farmers developed more efficient horse drawn plows, improved crop yields, build better boats and the first engineers designed water wheels to irrigate crops, grind seeds and saw wood. They invented wooden barrels, wagon wheels and windmills as the Chinese invented paper and printing. Meanwhile, the Indians revolutionized mathematics and Moslems discovered chemistry. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

We Eukaryotes by duncmacphun

About 1.5 billion years ago, the single-celled eukaryotes became the common ancestors of all multicellular plants, animals, and fungi. Fish evolved a primitive lung sac and four limbs, 350 million years ago, so they could crawl between fresh water swamps. About 250 million years ago, the ancestors of all mammals, were tiny nocturnal insectivores and, about 6 million years ago, we began walking on two legs. The most recent Ice Age (2.6 million to 12,000 years ago), severely reduced rainfall in Africa, where Homo habilis was evolving. In Homo erectus (1.9 to 0.5 million years ago), cranial capacity increased to between 850 and 1000 cm3 implying the phenomenal increase of 125,000 more neurons with each generation. Between 70 and 50 thousand years ago, Homo sapiens spread out from east Africa. Then, about 20,000 years ago, evolution made a sharp change in direction. After 250 million years, we ceased to be hunter gatherers. The Neolithic Revolution meant we could never go back. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Without Clothes by FraterPhoenix

For what seems to be endless life cycles of seasons after seasons after seasons, the people of the planet, Caswuna, lived a respectable and healthy life. The changes the people of this world went through were not anything drastic. Everyone realized they had to take charge more than their usual everyday activities. Because of the global economic catastrophe, most, if not all forms of government, through the many nations, were silenced. Slowly but surely, the small groups found out how to save their water... by not washing clothes or using less of the clothing they had. They came to realize they had to wear something from elements of nature. Many but not all tribe members learned to live without the domination of materialism, like clothes. This story can speak to us today. We can't let greed, industrialism, and the simplest details of life dictate our personal, cultural, and national lives. We can live without these industrial standards if we want to hard enough. Don't let shiny objects be an obsession. It is never what we have or do that is the issue, but it could be how we live our own lives. Never live in our comfort zones. It will always destroy you in the end. This story is about a young adult female, Elenwen Aurora Shade on how she will enlighten and guide all the people of villagers around her to a wonderful future while going back to the era that nearly destroyed itself because of greed and power that has change a lot all around them.

The Four - Book 1 by gracey_liz

(NOT EDITED AT ALL) (LOTS OF GRAMMAR ERRORS) (I was young when I wrote this lol) "You're special, fire boy," the man grins, "you and the others are just getting started." - Fire. Earth. Water. Air. It's 2890. In the US, everyone gets one of the elements powers when they are born, usually their parents element. But the elements no longer get along. They keep themselves separated from one another, not daring to interact, knowing it will cause havoc and destruction. But the government wants to test the elements together. And they've been watching, waiting for the right elements that can handle the job. And they've found them. *** Highest rank: #5 in Science Fiction Cover: @lucifehh WARNING: There is some harsh language, read at your own risk

Supernovae and Life by duncmacphun

Space and time began about 13.7 billion years ago but it consisted almost exclusively of hydrogen until some stars grew sufficiently massive to create the heavier elements in gigantic explosions called supernovae. The Sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago with an orbiting disk of debris that became the Solar System and, about 4.4 billion years ago, the Earth was cool enough for liquid water. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus make up 99% of the mass of the human body. These elements combine to form molecules ranging from water to the twin helices of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that specify the genetic code. Life on Earth probably began with complex, virus-like molecules that over billions of years evolved cells and the ability to split carbon dioxide and water (H2O). The poisonous waste product, oxygen, released into the atmosphere, probably caused the first mass extinctions on Earth. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved the health, education, and longevity of almost everyone. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. Civilization began when we discovered how to use fire and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture and trade made us richer but we also discovered how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

steam by duncmacphun

On a 10 weeks sea trial in 1761, J.Harrison's chronometer was in error by less than 5 seconds. In 1758, Dr E.Darwin replaced the ancient front axle design with two stub axles, pivoting near the wheel; now a feature of all vehicles. F.G. Koenig used his steam driven press, to print an edition of The Times newspaper, in 1814. The Rocket locomotive won the 1829 Rainhill Trials with a top speed of 30 miles per hour. A steamship, from New York City took 115 days to reach to San Francisco in 1848. In 1851, all telegraph stations in the USA were connected and by 1940 there were 40 telegraph lines across the Atlantic. Corrugated paper was invented in 1856, to stiffen tall hats and, in 1874, Oliver Long inventing corrugated board. In 1861, waterwheel powered air compressors and pneumatic drills, cut construction time by 16 years for a tunnel in Switzerland. Fritz Haber's discovered a process to make ammonia fertilizer in 1914. In 1887, Nicola Tesla invented the first AC motor. In 1903, an automatic machine was able to make 2,500 bottles an hour. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Ascension by lkhunt0814

There is no such thing as a good side and bad side in a war. We are both the good and bad side. It just depends on your perspective. At the end of the day when the sun goes down we are still the murderers who took the lives of hundreds and sometimes thousands. We are still the ones who have orphaned children. And you call us saints but no, soldiers are murderers who hide behind patriotism and lies. -Lorelei Jameson WARNING THIS IS A SEQUEL. Go read Journey before you read Ascension. Lorelei and Indiana escape from Headquarters only to find out that the war is in full swing. even though the Colony is getting more and more recruitments everyday they still only have a fraction of the amount the Extorians have. They start to receive aid from a planet known as Orion A in the Orion Binary system. The people on Cambaar start to wonder if they really are on the planet of Cambaar. Someone is keeping secrets and they might decide the fate of the Colony. The plan to end the war just might work but it is the most controversial topic in history. The people of Cambaar split into two sides over the final battle. Lorelei still doesn't believe it will work. As the war rages forward relationships unravel. Sanity is lost. And blood is spilt across the forbidding land. They finally begin to understand what it means when they hear "The price of war isn't just blood". 5- nuclear war (6-17-19)

Sileo Day Survivors. by -busydoingnothing

Humans were always destined to be extinct but the start. Evolution had killed of several before. Now, it was their turn. But, they would be bringing the earth down with them this time. Their downfall was desecrate to their being. It was their own fault. It was their own faults, their flaws, that lead to what came next for earth. Everyone had been talking about it since the 1950's; global warming was rising the temperatures, killing off land for exotic lifeforms, and soon, what the humans had created would lead to them all dead too. And they all thought that artificial intelligence would kill them? Ha, silly humans. what they created out of greenhouse gases was the true reason of the next mass extinction. In order to preserve time, to buy themselves the time that they had left, the world had somehow formed into one world order, and all lived in the United States Of America, across the states, too. It was very calm, and how their government worked, was there was their leader, their ruler, their king, along with a bunch of advisors who sat on the council, as they all tried to figure out how to combat the rising emissions. They had all agreed that living on a sustainable earth was plausible, but knew that the fight was far from over. But, the fight had to be over soon, because if they did not stop it very soon, they'd be on brink of no return. Of getting up from their place they'd been calling home for 3.4 eons, and finally colonizing another planet. But, they could not, because they knew it would still take them months, and months to get all the supplies, and even then, the supplies wouldn't be enough to host everyone on earth. Some had to be executed, or left behind, waiting for their doom. Their decision? Only the top 1% leave earth to try and colonize another planet. Everyone else would die on what would be known as Sileo Day, which was to happen in less then 24 hours. Some could try and escape, but it would be no use. Or, would it?

Flight by duncmacphun

The Orville and Wilbur Wright flew under power in 1903. The first flight travelled only 120 feet but Wilbur flew 24.5 miles in 38 minutes in August 1904. More powerful aircraft engines were developed during WW-1 but airframes were too fragile for aerial fighting. H.Focke's transverse twin-rotor helicopter, broke all helicopter world records in 1937. After WW-1, designers used duralumin airframes and smaller, monoplane wings for fighter aircraft like the Supermarine Spitfire. At Midway, in 1942, American dive-bombers sank three of the four Japanese aircraft carriers. I.Sikorsky developed the first practical single rotor helicopter with a single tail boom rotor and produced over 400 helicopters in WW-2. The Messerschmitt Me 262 was the first jet fighter in action in 1944. For maximum efficiency most jet aircraft need to cruise at about Mach 0.8 (610 mph) and at altitudes above 30,000 ft. In 2021, with battery powered, contra-rotating propellers spinning at 2500 rpm, NASA's Dragonfly helicopter lifted off from the surface of Mars. It weighed only 2 pound. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

My Milky Way by MikushX

Everything starts with something. You put your step forward and go on an adventure through the cosmos. Somehow along the way you meet these people that going to change you, will leave traces of theirs in your heart forever. Before you met them, the universe, you, and everything else was all different. Then there this explosion erupts in your galaxy. Stars collapse, planets disappear, all life fades away. Then, out of nowhere, a bright light appears, which transforms everything in its path. It begins to give birth to new stars, planets, comets, life, and dreams... It creates your own Milky Way... You start to see the universe in a different way. Now stars are brighter, planets are more lively, cosmos is in big harmony. This feeling you witness through your journeys makes everything valuable for you. Now travelling is more passionate, more unique and more fascinating.] The Milky Way now appears to be very amazing. This isn't the Milky Way we're used to seeing. This is the Milky Way that exists in his heart. Because he met her through the Milky Way... This is the adventure along the Milky Way. The way all travellers go through to find something meaningful, face challenges, see different species and have fun...

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Slide 1 of 10

Migration cover

We Eukaryotes cover

Without Clothes cover

The Four - Book 1 cover

Supernovae and Life cover

Ascension cover

Sileo Day Survivors. cover

My Milky Way cover

Migration

The Roman Empire began to decline after Germanic tribes crossed the river Rhine in 406 CE. When Constantine III recalled the legions from Britain, three years later, the Angles and Saxons invaded and Britain became known as Angleland. The Visigoths sacked Rome in 410. The Vandals invaded north Africa in 429 and conquered Carthage before crossing the Mediterranean to sack Rome in 455 CE. Meanwhile, Christianity grew from a minor Hebrew religious cult to dominate much of Europe. With the continual violence, people reverted to a poorer lifestyle. However, the metal workers, glass blowers, carpenters, leather workers, rope makers, weavers, potters and farmers developed more efficient horse drawn plows, improved crop yields, build better boats and the first engineers designed water wheels to irrigate crops, grind seeds and saw wood. They invented wooden barrels, wagon wheels and windmills as the Chinese invented paper and printing. Meanwhile, the Indians revolutionized mathematics and Moslems discovered chemistry. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).