What Causes Male Infertility? 10 Common Reasons Explained

Male infertility is a significant issue, impacting millions worldwide. Approximately one in five couples facing infertility struggles has a male factor contributing to the challenge. Here are the 10 most common causes of male infertility.

Low Sperm Count (Oligospermia): With normal sperm count ranging from 15-200 million per milliliter, fewer than 15 million decreases conception chances, often due to hormonal imbalances, genetic factors, or environmental exposures.

Poor Sperm Motility: Sperm's ability to swim efficiently is vital for fertilization. Lifestyle choices, infections, or structural issues can affect motility.

Abnormal Sperm Morphology: Irregular sperm shapes may hinder egg penetration. Genetic factors, toxins, and health conditions like diabetes can contribute.

Varicocele: Enlarged veins in the scrotum disrupt testicular temperature, reducing sperm production. Varicoceles account for up to 40% of male infertility cases.

Erectile Dysfunction (ED): ED affects the ability to ejaculate, stemming from psychological factors, health conditions, or medications.

Testicular Ailments: Infections, injuries, or surgeries can damage sperm cells. Mumps post-puberty can also lead to permanent infertility.

Hormonal Imbalances: Testosterone, thyroid hormones, or prolactin imbalances disrupt sperm production, often linked to conditions like obesity or hypogonadism.

Genetic Factors: Conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome or Y-chromosome microdeletions may cause infertility, affecting sperm or reproductive organ structure.

Lifestyle Choices: Smoking, excessive alcohol, poor diet, and heat exposure (saunas/hot tubs) lower sperm quality.

Environmental Factors: Exposure to toxins, chemicals, radiation, or prolonged high temperatures negatively impacts sperm.

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