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What is Philosophy? - the science that seeks to organize and systemize allfields of knowledge as a means of understanding and interpreting thetotality of reality. - systematic and logical explanation of the nature,existence, purpose and relationships of things, including human beings inthe universe.
Main Branches of Philosophy:
1. Metaphysics – deals with the first principles, the origin an essence ofthings, the causes and end of thing. - it is the science of existence.
2. Epistemology – deals with knowledge and with ways of knowing. -Conceptual - Perceptual – Intuitive
3. Axiology – deals with purposes and values. - Ethics
4. Logic – deals with the correct way of thinking.
Major Philosophies of Education:
1. Idealism – (Platonic) Reality consists of transcendental universal,form, or ideals which are the object of true knowledge. (DECS order No. 13s 1998 – Revised rules and regulation on the teaching of religion in publicelementary and secondary schools)
2. Naturalism – This opposed to idealism. This is the view that the wholeof reality is nature.
3. Pragmatism – a tendency, movement, or more definite system of thought inwhich stress is place upon critical consequence and values as standard forexplicating philosophic concept, and as a test of truth lies in its practical consequence and that the purpose of conduct. - James - Chiller -Dewey
4. Supernaturalism – has a purpose to educate the individual for his life here on earth and to prepare for the life beyond.
Humanism – places human being over in above worldly things.
5. Realism– universals are independent of antecedent to and more real than the specific individual instances in which they manifest.
6. Progressivism – dominated by the technological experimental advancement which have so powerfully shaped our modern culture. ( DECS order No. 57 s1998 – Clarification on the changes in the Social Studies Program, WH for 3rd year and Economics for 4th year) ( DECS order No 91 s. 1998 – Changes inthe THE program of the NSEC) Some important features of Progressivism: 1.The child as the center of the educational process. 2. It emphasizes learning by doing. Advocates of Progressivism John Dewey William Kilpatrick
7. Existentialism - Puts emphasis on the uniqueness of the individual. -Existence precedes, that is, essence is created by existence. - Humannature is a product of existence. - Holds the view that human existence, orthe human situation is the starting point of thinking. – It emphasizesconcreteness of the individual. - It values the freedom of choice,individual dignity, personal love, and creative effort. (DECS order no. 65s. 1998 – revised Guidelines on the selection of honor students insecondary level) (DECS order no. 10 s. 1998 – Revised system of rating and reporting of student performance for secondary schools) Freedom of choice is an important value of existentialism and is determinedor affected to a large extent several factors among which are thefollowing: 1. Influence of the family especially the parents. 2. Influenceof peers and associates. 3. Religious orientation 4. Social approval 5.Cultural patterns 6. Financial status 7. Psychological traits 8. Sex 9.Health and physical fitness 10. Education
8. Positivism - a philosophical movement characterized by an emphasis uponscience and scientific method as the only source of knowledge.
9. Relativism - a doctrine of relationism or relativity – a theory thatknowledge is relative to the limited nature of the mind and the conditionof knowing.
10. Materialism - it maintains that all events are not true to the natureof independent reality and that holds that absolutely true knowledge isimpossible.
11. Empiricism - it spouses that legitimate human knowledge arises fromwhat is provided to the mind by the senses or by introspective awarenessthrough experience. -hence it believes on education through.
12. Romanticism - it questioned the notions of the enlightenment that haddominated Europe in the early 18th century.
13. Epicureanism - philosophical teaching about nature and ethics that wasderived from the writing of Epicurus. - this philosophy base its knowledgeon sense perception, asserting that sensations are invariably good.
14. Hedonism - it centers on pleasure - learning is pleasurable
15. Utilitarianism - it believes that any moral theory that value of humanactions, policies, and institutions by their consequences in men’sexperience or by general welfare of all person affected by them.
16. Communism - disregard basic human rights and educates the young forsubservience to the state.
17. Fascism – conceives that the state is an absolute.
18. Progressivism - it emphasizes that educational concern must be on thechild interest, desires, and the learners freedom as an individual ratherthan the subject matter.
19. Essentialism - it ascribes ultimate reality to immense embodied in athing perceptible to the senses.
