Trigger: TNT

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TNT

TNT is explosive for two reasons. First, it contains the elements carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, which means that when the material burns it produces highly stable substances (CO, CO2 and N2) with strong bonds, so releasing a great deal of energy.

The explosion of one ton of TNT releases approximatly 4.2 × 10 12 joules of energy; for comparison, it takes almost 6.0 ×10 4 joules to warm up a cup of coffee. The Trinity test, a plutonium fueled bomb had an estimated yield of 21 kilotons, and left a crater 2.9 meters deep and 335 meters wide.

trinitrotoluene (TNT), a pale yellow, solid organic nitrogen compound used chiefly as an explosive, prepared by stepwise nitration of toluene. Because TNT melts at 82° C (178° F) and does not explode below 240° C (464° F), it can be melted in steam-heated vessels and poured into casings.

Since an adequate supply of oxygen cannot be drawn from the air, a source of oxygen must be incorporated into the explosive mixture. Some explosives, such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), are single chemical species, but most explosives are mixtures of several ingredients.

It's easy to forget that sugar can be an explosive. In fact, it's four times more powerful weight for weight than TNT. Forgetfulness here can have tragic consequences. In 2008, finely powdered sugar ignited at a refinery in Savannah, Georgia, causing a blast that claimed 14 lives.

At high temperatures, however, the sugar itself can be set ablaze. Extreme heat forces sucrose to decompose and form a volatile chemical called hydroxymethylfurfural, which easily ignites and sets the rest of the sugar on fire.

Nuclear bombs have had yields between 10 tons TNT (the W54) and 50 megatons for the Tsar Bomba (see TNT equivalent). A thermonuclear weapon weighing as little as 600 pounds (270 kg) can release energy equal to more than 1.2 megatonnes of TNT (5.0 PJ).

Extrapolating this information, we can determine that 1 gram of TNT equivalent equals 4,184J. Based on the example previously given, a 5,000J explosion or blast would equal approximately 1 gram of TNT.

Similarly, a 1 megaton weapon would have the energy equivalent of 1 million tons of TNT. One megaton is equivalent to 4.18 × 1015 joules. In evaluating the destructive power of a weapons system, it is customary to use the concept of equivalent megatons (EMT).

Offensive hand grenades provide blast effects. They are of cylindrical shape and are loaded with approximately one-half pound of flaked TNT.

TNT is an explosive used by the military in artillery shells, grenades and airborne bombs. TNT may be found in old artillery shells that wash up or are dredged up on beaches. Industries use TNT to make dye and photography chemicals.

Joseph Wilbrand

It is an aromatic organic molecule with three nitro groups attached on the 2,4,6 positions of toluene (methyl benzene). TNT was first made in 1863 by Joseph Wilbrand, a German chemist, who was working on the production of dyes.

Solid TNT is not very sensitive to impact (relatively speaking), unless confined by sand paper discs. Molten TNT, at temperatures near and above the melting point, is more sensitive to impact. The presence of asphalt desensitizes the TNT to a small extent.

Under controlled conditions one kilogram of TNT can destroy (or even obliterate) a small vehicle.

This gun-type uranium bomb, nicknamed Little Boy, weighed 9,700 pounds. The bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, August 6, 1945, at 8:15 AM. A B-29 dropped the bomb from 31,000 feet. The bomb exploded about 1,500 feet above the city with a force of 15,000 tons of TNT.

Released by the B-29 Bockscar, the 10,000-pound weapon was detonated at an altitude of approximately 1,800 feet over the city. The bomb had an explosive force (yield) of about 20,000 tons of TNT, about the same as the bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

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