Distinguished by their unique reproductive systems. Flowering plants are known for their flowers, while non-flowering plants, like pine trees, conifers, and ferns, lack these.（以獨特的生殖系統來做區分。開花植物以其花朵而聞名，而非開花植物，如松樹、針葉樹和蕨類植物，則缺乏花朵。）
Features of Flowering Plants（開花植物的特徵）:
The evolution of flowers makes plants attractive and helps seeds spread effectively. Seeds develop within fruits, facilitating high-efficiency propagation through diverse agents like wind, water, and animals.（花朵的進化使植物更具吸引力，並有助於種子有效傳播。 種子在果實中發育，透過風、水和動物等多種媒介促進高效繁殖。）
Features of Non-Flowering Plants（非開花植物的特徵）:
Non-flowering plants, such as pine trees, conifers, and ferns, reproduce not through flowers but through cones or spores.（非開花植物，如松樹、針葉樹和蕨類植物，不是透過花而是透過球果或孢子繁殖。）
flowering (adj.) – 開花
non-flowering (adj.) – 無花的
reproduction (n.) – 繁殖
exquisite (adj.) – 精緻的
sepal (n.) – 花萼片
monocot (n.) – 單子葉植物
pollen (n.) – 花粉
ovule (n.) – 胚珠
pollinator (n.) – 授粉者
conifer (n.) – 針葉樹
fern (n.) – 蕨類植物
rupture (n.) – 破裂
commence (v.) – 開始
humidity (n.) – 濕度
germination (n.) – 發芽
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延伸閱讀：Flowering and Non-Flowering Plants
When we delve into the diversity of the plant kingdom, flowering plants (Angiosperms) and non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) emerge as two major classifications, primarily distinguished by their unique reproductive systems and modes of reproduction.
Flowering plants are renowned for their exquisite floral structures, encompassing petals, sepals, stamens, and pistils. These structures form an efficient reproductive system. However, the origin and earliest form of flowering plants remain a subject of debate.
Most scholars trace the origin of flowering plants back to approximately 140 million years ago in the Cretaceous period, with the earliest flowering plants believed to be simple monocots. Over time, the flowers of flowering plants gradually evolved into complex structures, a process closely linked to the evolution of animals. Flowers are not merely visually attractive but also functional structures evolved for the effective dissemination of seeds.
The seeds of flowering plants develop within the fruit, formed when pollen fertilizes the pistil. This unique evolutionary mechanism enhances the efficient dispersal of seeds through various means such as wind, water, and animals, contributing to the successful growth of new plants. The evolution of flowers primarily aims to facilitate plant reproduction, providing a centralized location for pollen and ovules to unite and form seeds. The evolution of fruits further increases seed dispersal efficiency, concurrently establishing a coevolutionary relationship with pollinators, enhancing the success of reproduction.
In stark contrast to flowering plants, non-flowering plants are distinguished by their primitive characteristics. This category includes conifers such as pine, spruce, and fir trees, along with ferns. The reproductive structures of these plants are relatively simplified, typically featuring cones or pine structures that expose seeds, rather than floral forms.
Ferns reproduce through spores located beneath their leaves. When the spores mature, they rupture, releasing dark brown powdery substances. Once in contact with warm, moist soil, the reproductive process commences. Given suitable humidity, light, and temperature conditions, new ferns begin to grow. The reproductive strategy of ferns is comparatively primitive, relying on the dispersal and germination of spores.
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