Assets and liabilities of nanotechnology

Introduction

Nanoparticles as the term narrate are nano-size (10-9)solid colloidal particles which have gained significance due to their particular utilization in every field of science. Nanoparticles have a number of properties such as chemical reactivity, biocompatibility, energy absorption, biological mobility and high magnetic sensitivity that distinguish them from bulk materials. In the past years, nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of nanomedicine and emerged as important players in modern medicine. (Shashi, 2007).

Categorization of Nanoparticles According to their applications in biomedical field they are classified into four different nano-systems as described in Fig. 1.• Metallic nanoparticles such as gold and silver• Bimetallic nanoparticles as Fe–Co, Fe–Ni and Fe–Pt nanoparticles• Metal oxide nanoparticles as TiO2• Magnetic nanoparticles include Fe3O4, Mn–Fe2 O4 etc.

Biomedical Applications In this section of review, the most interesting and investigated applications of nanoparticle in biomedical field are described with special emphasis on their therapeutic effect. 

Targeted Drug and Gene delivery Targeted drug delivery is a technique that is developed as a possible substitute of chemotherapy. 

 In this method drug is directed to a particular area where tumor is present and thus it's an efficient method of delivering drug with reduced side-effects. Nanoparticles provide an error free and effective delivery to the targeted area than larger micromolecules. For delivery they are either integrated in particles' matrix or may be attached to the surface of particle. Mostly drug is delivered by magneticna noparticles as they are easy to control and more biocompatible than the other nanoparticles.

Gene delivery is narrated as a process in which foreign genes are inoculated into living cells and it is designated as important advancement in gene therapy. Viral vectors still dominate this field but an ever-increasing attention is being diverted to wardnon-viral vectors as a measure to deal with the safety concerns of viral vectors (Mody et al., 2010).

Nanoparticles as effective drug carriers Silver nanoparticle due to its ultra-small andanti microbial activity as potent efficient agent against infection size as high surface area and increasedre activity with active functional structure. The surface ligand coating of silver nanoparticle in corporated drug as drug delivery vehicle enlightens its sustained release and ensures less complicacy (A, Mandal et al.,2017). Ag nanoparticles have properties to be used as drug delivering agent to deliver doxorubicin along with alendronate which are often used to treat cancer and to slow down the process of dissolving bone tissues to cervical cancer cells, respectively(Benyettou et al., 2015). Lee and his co-workers produced conjugates by using AgNPs with oligonucleotide. And they evaluated that they show high cooperative binding properties (Lee et al.,2009). Ferrous platinum nanoparticles when loaded with an anti-cancer medicament can be used as carrier to target cancerous gastric cell lines. Fabrication of Fe–Pt nanoparticles was done by giving Ferrous platinum/ Poly di-ally di-methylammonium chloride silica composite particles ahydrothermal treatment. Cancer cell growth of cellline was prevented by Fe–Pt–Dox capsules with 70%destruction of cancer cell line.