ANCIENT EGYPT ***
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[Illustration: GREAT HALL OF COLUMNS AT KARNAK (RESTORED.)]
ANCIENT EGYPT
BY
GEORGE RAWLINSON, M.A.
CAMDEN PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD AND CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF TURIN; AUTHOR OF "THE FIVE GREAT MONARCHIES OF THE ANCIENT EASTERN WORLD." ETC., ETC.
_WITH THE COLLABORATION OF_
ARTHUR GILMAN, M.A. AUTHOR OF "THE STORY OF ROME," ETC.
_TENTH EDITION_
LONDON T. FISHER UNWIN
PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.C.
COPYRIGHT BY T. FISHER UNWIN, 1886 (For Great Britain)
TO REGINALD STUART POOLE, KEEPER OF COINS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM, AND CORRESPONDENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, IN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF MUCH HELP AND MUCH PLEASURE DERIVED FROM HIS EGYPTIAN LABOURS.
CONTENTS.
I.
THE LAND OF EGYPT 1-22
General shape of Egypt, 1--Chief divisions: twofold division, 2; threefold division, 3--The Egypt of the maps unreal, 4--Egypt, "the gift of the river," in what sense, 5, 6--The Fayoum, 7--- Egyptian speculations concerning the Nile, 7, 8--The Nile not beautiful, 8--Size of Egypt, 9--Fertility, 10--Geographical situation, 11, 12--The Nile, as a means of communication, 12, 13, Phenomena of the inundation, 13, 14--Climate of Egypt. 14--Geology, 15--Flora and Fauna, 16, 17--General monotony, 19--Exceptions, 20-22.
II.
THE PEOPLE OF EGYPT 23-45
Origin of the Egyptians, 23--Phenomena of their language and type, 24--Two marked varieties of physique. 25--Two types of character: the melancholic, 25, 27: the gay, 27-29--Character of the Egyptian religion: polytheism, 30, 31--Animal worship, 31-33--Worship of the monarch, 33--Osirid saga, 34, 35--Evil gods, 36--Local cults, 37--Esoteric religion, 38; how reconciled with the popular belief, 39--Conviction of a life after death, 40, 41--Moral code, 41-43--Actual state of morals, 43--Ranks of society, 44, 45.
III.
THE DAWN OF HISTORY 45-64
Early Egyptian myths: the Seb and Thoth legends, 46, 47--The destruction of mankind by Ra, 48--Traditions concerning M'na, or Menes, 48--Site of Memphis, 49--Great Temple of Phthah at Memphis, 50, 51--Names of Memphis, 51--Question of the existence of M'na, 52, 53--Supposed successors of M'na, 54--First historical Egyptian, Sneferu, 55--The Egypt of his time, 56--Hieroglyphics, 57--Tombs, 58--Incipient pyramids, 59, 60--Social condition of the people, 60--Manners, 61--Position of women, 62-64.
IV.
THE PYRAMID BUILDERS 65-94
Difficult to realize the conception of a great pyramid, 65--Egyptian idea of one, 66--Number of pyramids in Egypt: the Principal Three, 67--Description of the "Third Pyramid," 67-71; of the "Second Pyramid," 72; of the "First" or "Great Pyramid," 75-81--The traditional builders, Khufu, Shafra, and Menkaura, 82; the pyramids their tombs, 82--Grandeur of Khufu's conception, 83--Cruelty involved in it, 84, 85--The builders' hopes not realized, 85, 86--Skill displayed in the construction, 86--Magnificence of the architectural effect, 89--Inferiority of the "Third Pyramid," 90--Continuance of the pyramid period, 91-94.
