nell

malem

good night korang esok perlu kembali kepada tugas hakiki

btw, hii u can call me syaff. hbu

weh i hate pathology too tapi better moree better than anatomy :<

hihu takde apa, cuma nightmare sikit sebb benci anatomy 

TIBIA (medial)
          - medial & lateral chondyle
          -  tibial tuberosity
          - anterior border
          - medial border
          - medial surface 
          - medial malleolus 
          - articular surface = tibial plateau (superior) 
          - soleal line (posterior)
          
          FIBULA (lateral)
          - head
          - neck
          - lateral malleolus
          - interosseous border
          - anterior border
          - lateral surface
          - medial surface

selamat hari isnin semua

hellooo, comel nya mb you hahaha

pathological fractures:
          
          1. osteopetrosis
          - rare group of osteoclasts dysfunctional disorder
          - no. of osteoclasts may be normal/increased/decreased but the problem lies within function of osteoclasts
          - excessive bone deposition
          
          2. paget's disease
          -  defect in osteoclasts function
          - triggered by viral inclusion that resembles paramyxovirus
          
          3. osteogenesis imperfecta
          - defect in type I collagen formation
          - weak bone 
          - dental abnormalities 
          - blue sclera of the eye 
          
          4. osteoporesis
          - reduction of total bone mass
          - thin tuberculae causes weakness 
          
          5. osteomalacia 
          = rickets (in children)
          - vit D metabolism defect

abnormal bone healing (due to bone reabsorption, deposition and remodelling and failure of fusion between bones):
          1. Delayed union 
          - fractured bone failed to union within expected time
          - due to inadequate blood supply and low vitamin D
          2. Non-union
          - no sign of union aftern3-6 months
          - healing have ceased but fractured bones failed to unite
          - due to large gap between fractured bone and low blood supply
          3. malunion
          - union of bones occur in unsatisfactory position
          - due to excessive movement of fractured site and unhealthy lifestyle