GENERAL EDUCATION
FILIPINO/ENGLISH:
MGA TEORYA NG PINAGMULAN NG WIKA
1. BOW-WOW –kalikasan at hayop
2. DING-DONG – bagay
3. POOH-POOH – masidhing damdamin
4. YOHEHO – pwersang pisikal
FILIPINO POETS AND PEN NAMES
BENVENIDO SANTOS – American Culture Writings
DANIEL DEFOE – “Robinson Crusoen” (novel)
EDILBERTO TIEMPO – made “Cry Slaughter” that has been
translated many times
ERNEST HEMINGWAY – Ring Lardner Jr.
JOSE GARCIA VILLA – “Comma Poet”, Dove G. Lion
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES/ESCALANDE - Masterpiece is
“Don Quixote” that is most influential
NICK JOAQUIN – Quijano de Manila
– Spanish Culture Writing
PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ – made “Dead Stars” that is the 1st
modern English short story
SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS – Mark Twain
- “Adventures of Tom Sawyer”
- “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” (best novel)
SINTAKS/SINTAKSIS/PALAUGNAYAN
- sangay ng barirala na tumatalakay sa masistemang pagkaka-ayus-ayos ng mga salita sa pagbuo ng mga parirala at pangungusap
PEN NAMES OF FILIPINO PROTAGONISTS
ANDRES BONIFACIO – May Pag-asa, Agapito
Bagumbayan
ANTONIO LUNA – Taga-Ilog
EMILIO AGUINALDO - Magdalo
EMILIO JACINTO – Di Masilaw, Tingkian
GRACIANO LOPEQ JAENA – Diego Laura
JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN ¬– JoMaPa
JOSE RIZAL – Dimas alang, Laon laan
JUAN LUNA – Buan
MARCELO DEL PILAR – Plaridel, Dolores Manapat,
Piping Dilat
MARIANO PONCE – Tikbalang, Naning (Satanas),
Kalipulako
MGA URI NG PANGUNGUSAP
WALANG PAKSA:
1. EKSISTENSYAL – mayroong isa o higit pang tao
Halimbawa: Mayroon daw puno sa bakuran.
2. MODAL – nais/pwede/maari (Gusto ko matulog.)
3. PANLIPUNAN – pagbati, pagbigay galang atbp.
4. SAGOT LAMANG – “Talaga?”, “Oo”
5. SAMBITLA – masidhing damdamin (Aray!)
6. TEMPORAL – panandaliang kalagayan o panahon
KAYARIAN:
1. PAYAK – iisang kaisipan
2. TAMBALAN – dalawang sugnay na ‘di makapag-iisa
3. HUGNAYAN – madalas nagsisimula sa kung, dahil sa
4. LANGKAPAN – mahabang pangungusap
MGA URI NG KWENTO
1. PABULA (fable) – hayop
2. PARABULA (parable)– Bibliya
3. ANEKDOTA (anecdote) – tunay na buhay
4. MITOLOHIYA (myth) – diyos at diyosa (pinagmulan)
ASPEKTO NG PANDIWA (Verb)
1. PERPEKTIBO – tumakbo
2. IMPERPEKTIBO – tumatakbo
3. KONTEMPLATIBO – tatakbo
KAANTASAN NG PANG-URI (Adjective)
1. LANTAY – walang pinaghahambingan
2. PAHAMBING ¬– inihahalintulad
3. PASUKDOL – nangingibabaw (H: pinakamataas)
MGA URI NG TULA
1. PATULA (Moro-moro)
2. PASALAYSAY (Epiko, Awit, Korido)
MGA AWITING BAYAN
1. DALIT/HIMNO – pagsamba sa anito o pang-relihiyon
2. DIONA – kasal
3. DUNG-AW – patay (pagdadalamhati)
4. KALUSAN – paggawa
5. KUMINTANG – tagumpay (pandigma)
6. KUNDIMAN – pag-ibig
7. OYAYI – pagpapatulog ng bata
8. SOLIRANIN – pagsasagwan
9. TALINDAW – pamamangka
PAGBABAGONG MORPONEMIKO
1. ASIMILASYON – Parsyal (pangsukli), Ganap (panukli)
2. MAY ANGKOP – wikain mo – “kamo”
3. MAYSUDLONG/PAGDARAGDAG NG PONEMA
- muntik – muntikan, pagmuntikan, pagmuntikanan
4. METATESIS – linipad – nilipad
5. PAGKAKALTAS NG PONEMO – takipan – takpan
6. PAGLILIPAT-DIIN – laRUan (playground) - laruAN (toy)
7. PAGPAPALIT NG PONEMA – madapat – marapat
MGA URI NG PANGHALIP/PRONOUNS
1. PANAO/PERSONAL PRONOUN – ako/I etc.
2. PAMATLIG/DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN – ito/this etc.
3. PANAKLAW/INDEFINITE P. - isa, all, anyone etc.
4. PATULAD – ganito, ganyan atbp.
5. PANANONG/INTERROGATIVE P. – sino, when etc.
6. PAMANGGIT/RELATIVE P. – daw, umano, which, who
MGA AKDANG NA MAY IMPUWENSYA SA MUNDO
AKLAT NG MGA ARAW – China (by Confucius)
AKLAT NG MGA PATAY – Egypt cults & myths (by Osiris)
AWIT NI ROLANDO-France (by Doce Pares, Roncesvalles)
BIBLIYA – Palestino at Greece
CANTEBURY TALES – Kingdom of England (by Geoffrey Chaucer) 14th century
DIVINE COMEDIA – Italy (by Dante)
EL CID COMPEADOR – katangian at history ng Spain
ILIAD o ODYSSEY – Myths of Greece made by Homer.
ISANG LIBO’T ISANG GABI – Ugali sa Arabia at Persia
KORAN – Arabia (Muslim Bible) MAHABRATA – India
UNCLE TOM’S CABIN – about slaves that becomes the basis of democracy. (by Harriet Beecher Stowe of U.S.)
MGA URI NG PANITIKAN
1. TULUYAN – binubuo ng mga pangungusap
A. NOBELA – binubuo ng mga kabanata
B. DULA – pagtatanghal sa entablado
MGA DULANG PANLIBANGAN:
a. TIBAG – Sta. Elena
b. LAGAY – Pilarenos ng Sorsogon
c. PANUNULUYAN – pagtatanghal bago mag-alas dose (12PM) ng gabi ng kapaskuhan
d. PANUBOL – parangal sa may kaarawan
e. KARILYO – ala-puppet show
f. KURIDO – katapangan, kabayanihan, kababalaghan, pananampalataya
g. SARSUELA – musical tungkol sa pag-ibig, paghihiganti atbp. masisidhing damdamin
C. ALAMAT – pinagmulan
D. ANEKDOTA – ugali, may mabuting aral
2. PATULA - may sukat,pantig,tugma,taludtod,saknong
A. TULANG PASALAYSAY - mahahalagang tago o pangyayari sa buhay.
a. EPIKO – kabayanihan sa kababalaghan
o BIDASARI, PARANG SABIR – Moro
o BIAG NI LAM ANG – Iloko
o MARAGTAS, HARAYA, LAGDA AT HARI SA BUKID – Bisaya
o KUMINTANG – Tagalog
o DAGOY AT SUDSUD – Tagbanua
o TATUANG - Bagobo
b. AWIT o KORIDO - kaharian
c. TULA NG DAMDAMIN o LIRIKI – own feeling
MGA TULANG LIRIKO:
o AWITING BAYAN – kalungkutan
o ELEHIYA – yumao
o DALIT – pagpupuri sa Diyos
o PASTORAL – buhay sa bukid
o ODA – papuri
B. TULANG DULA O PANGTANGHALAN
a. KOMEDYA
b. MELODRAMA – musical
c. TRAHEDYA – death of main character
d. PARSA – mga pangyayaring nakakatawa
e. SAYNETE
-karaniwang pag-uugali ng tao/ pook
C. TULANG PATNIGAN
a. KARAGATAN – alamat ng singsing ng prinsesa na naihulog niya sa dagat sa hangaring mapangasawa ang kasintahang mahirap.
b. DUPLO – paligsahan ng husay sa pagtula
c. BALAGTASAN – pumalit sa Duplo
FIGURES OF SPEECH/TAYUTAY
PAG-UUGNAY O PAGHAHAMBING:
1. SIMILE/PAGTUTULAD – mayroong pangatnig
2. METAPHOR/PAGWAWANGIS – walang pangatnig
3. ALUSYON – iba’t ibang aspekto ng buhay ng tao
4. METONYMY/PAGPAPALIT-TAWAG
5. SYNECDOCHE/SINEKDOKE – pagbanggit ng isa upang tukuyin ang kabuuan
Hal: Dalawang bibig ang umaasa kay Romeo.
PAGLALARAWAN:
6. HYPERBOLE/ PAGMAMALABIS o EKSAHERASYON
7. APOSTROPHE/PAGTAWAG – pakikipag-usap sa hindi buhay o malayong tao. Hal: Ulan, tumigil ka na.
8. EXCLAMATION/PAGDARAMDAM – strong feeling.
9. PARADOX/PARADOKS -“malayo ma’y malapit pa rin”
10. OXYMORON/PAGTATAMBIS - paradox w/ extra words
PAGSASALIN NG KATANGIAN:
11. PERSONIFICATION/PAGSASATAO
PAGSASATUNOG:
12. ONOMATOPOEIA/PANGHIHIMIG – tunog ang paksa
13. ALLITERATION/PAG-UULIT – repetition of 1st letter in the 1st word. Ex: Dinggin mo ang Diyos na Dinadakila
14. REPITASYON – repetition of phrase. Ex: Tama! Tama!...
IBA PANG TAYUTAY NA GAMIT SA TULA:
ALITERASYON – unang titik o pantig ay pare-pareho
ANADIPLOSIS – paggamit ng salita sa unahan at hulihan
EPIPORA – pag-uulit ng salita sa hulihan
PAG-UYAM – sarcasm
LITOTES – pagtanggi o pagkukunwari.
TALUDTOD – linya sa tula
UNFAMILIAR PARTS OF THE SPEECH
1. PREPOSITIONS-on, under, off, by, in near, for, to, since
2. CONJUNCTIONS (PANGATNIG)
- para/for, at/and, nor, or, pero/but, yet, so, ni, ngunit
3. INTERJECTION – with exclamation mark
PROPER SEQUENCE OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE
1. ARTICLES – a, an, the 2. OPINION 3. SIZE
4. AGE 5. SHAPE 6. COLOR
7. MATERIAL 8. PURPOSE
CLASSIFICATIONS OF POEM
1. BALLAD – narrative, less folk tale/legend, to be sung
2. BLACK VERSE – with meter but no rhyme
3. DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE – written in form of speech for individual character.
4. ELEGY –death of individual
5. EPIC – tells a story about heroic figure
6. EULOGY – message for the dead
7. FREE VERSE (vers libre) – without meter but with rhyme
8. HAIKU – Japanese poem about nature. 5, 7, 5 (3 lines and 17 syllables)
9. IDYLL (Idyl) – peaceful, idealized country scene
10. LYRICS - thoughts and feelings
11. NARRATIVE – tells story
12. ODE -typically serious/meditative nature, type of Lyric
13. PASTORAL –rural life in peaceful & romanticized way
14. SONNET – Lyric poem consists of 14 lines
15. TANKA – Japanese poem: 5 lines, 31 syllables
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONS
BIAK NA BATO – pact, thought of 1st Republic.
- Spainards paid P200 000
1. MALOLOS CONSTITUTION – Apolinario Mabini
- rights of soldiers
- no Visayas yet in right of territories
2. 1935 CONSTITUTION – adapted from American Const.
3. 1943 CONSITUTION - Jose P. Laurel
- Japan invades but gave freedom for Phil. to rule.
4. 1973 CONSTITUTION – Ferdinand Marcos
- Martial Law – 60days max
- Nat’l Territory forced Kalayaan grp. of Islands & Saba
5. 1987 CONSTITUTION - 18 articles
- past chairwoman: Cecilla Muñoz Palma (Feb 2, 1987)
- Bill of Rights are for the criminals
JUS SANGUINI – blood JUS SOLI – place
SOME TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS
1. COMMUNIST – classless society
- State plans and controls economy
2. PARLIAMENTARY – majority of people voted
3. REPUBLICAN – power comes from people
PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS
(AgQueLaOsRoQuiMagGarMaMarAquiRaEsArAquiDut)
ACTS
1. ASSOCIATION OF SE ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)
- Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia
2. BELL TRADE (PHILIPPINE TRADE ACT) – bet. Phil. & U.S.
3. KYOTO PROTOCOL (UNNCC)
- fight global warming decreasing green house gases
4. RIO DE JANEIRO CONVENTION
- environment and sustainable development
5. TEJEROS CONVENTION – election
- Bonifacio elected as Director Imperior
6. TREATY ON GENERAL RELATIONS
- recognition of U.S. to Philippine freedom
7. UNDERWORLD-SIMMONS ACT – full free foreign trade
8. PAYNE ALDRICH ACT – partial free foreign trade
MISSIONARIES AND EXPEDITIONS
1. AUGUSTINIAN – most intelligent
2. FRANCISCAN – sends medical aids
3. JESUITS
4. DOMINICANS – richest
5. RECOLECTS – most killed schools
MARTYR PRIESTS
1. BURGOS – youngest, mastermind of secularization
2. GOMEZ – Oldest, likes “sabong” and hid there
HOMO HABILIS – man of steel (bighead, uses muscle)
HOMO ERECTUS – man who discovered fire & clothes
HOMO SAPIENS – thinking man (can produce materials)
UNFAMILIAR BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
ANATOMY – inner organs ENTOMOLOGY – insects
BIOCHEMISTRY – chemical patterns of animals
ECOLOGY – living things bet. Each other in environment
EMBRYOLOGY – developmental patterns fr. zygote-birth
GENETICS – heredity MYCOLOGY – fungi
HERPETOLOGY – reptiles and amphibians
HISTOLOGY – plant and animal tissues
MORPHOLOGY – phenotype (appearance)
ORNITHOLOGY – birds PARASITOLOGY – parasites
PALEONTOLOGY – fossils of animals and plants
PHYSIOLOGY – function of tissue, organ & system
TAXONOMY – classification of living organisms
SCIENCE PROPONENTS
CAROLUS LINNAEUS – Father of Taxonomy
ROBERT HOOKE – termed “cells” (cellulae)
ANTON VAN LEUWENHOEK – 1st person to observe microscopic organisms (animal cule)
ROBERT BROWN – discovered Nucleus
MATTHIAS SCHIEDEN (Botanist) & THEODORE (Zoologist)
- found all plants consist of cells
RUDOLF VIRCHOW – proposed cells come fr. existing cells
EARTH’S SPHERES
ATMOSPHERE – gaseous sphere protection from meteors
Divided into five:
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
HYDROSPHERE – water
LITHOSPHERE – oceanic and continental crust
BIOSPHERE – all life forms in Earth
CRYOSPHERE – ice ANTHROSPHERE – ancestors
PLANETS AND THEIR SEQUENCE
1. SUN – 99.86% of Solar System
- believed was formed 4.6 billion years ago
- Responsible for weather and climate
2. MERCURY – named after Roman God
- no satellite and atmosphere
- discovered by Mariner Ten
3. VENUS – Goddess of Love and Beauty (Mariner 2)
- Perfect sphere, sister planet of Earth
4. EARTH
5. MARS – God of War, red planet (Mariner 9)
6. JUPITER -Gas Giant, fastest rotating planet (10hrs less)
- has Great Red Spot: huge storm for 350yrs
7. SATURN – God of Agriculture (chunks of rocks)
- made mostly of hydrogen
8. URANUS – Frederick William Herscel
- Sky & Ice 3rd largest planet
