The vampire is now a fixture in popular fiction. Such fiction began with 18th-century poetry and continued with 19th-century short stories, the first and most influential of which was John Polidori'sThe Vampyre (1819), featuring the vampire Lord Ruthven.[148] Lord Ruthven's exploits were further explored in a series of vampire plays in which he was the anti-hero. The vampire theme continued in penny dreadful serial publications such as Varney the Vampire(1847) and culminated in the pre-eminent vampire novel of all time:Dracula by Bram Stoker, published in 1897.[149]
Over time, some attributes now regarded as integral became incorporated into the vampire's profile: fangs and vulnerability to sunlight appeared over the course of the 19th century, with Varney the Vampire andCount Dracula both bearing protruding teeth,[150] and Murnau's Nosferatu(1922) fearing daylight.[151] The cloak appeared in stage productions of the 1920s, with a high collar introduced by playwright Hamilton Deane to help Dracula 'vanish' on stage.[152] Lord Ruthven and Varney were able to be healed by moonlight, although no account of this is known in traditional folklore.[153] Implied though not often explicitly documented in folklore,immortality is one attribute which features heavily in vampire film and literature. Much is made of the price of eternal life, namely the incessant need for blood of former equals.[154]
