Korean Lesson: Lessons 75
To Include: 포함하다
Just like almost every other verb, “포함하다” can be placed at the end of a sentence. For example:
이 뷔페가격은 음료수를 포함해요 = This buffet price includes dinks
나의 월세는 보험을 포함한다 = My monthly income includes insurance
The confusing this is that there doesn’t seem to be a difference in these cases if you use 포함하다 or the passive form of the verb: 포함되다. For example:
이 뷔페가격은 음료수가 포함돼요 = This book contains 200 pages
나의 월세는 보험이 포함된다 = My monthly income includes insurance
Notice in the above examples the particle 을/를 needed to be changed to 이/가 because there is no active verb in the sentence.
Though you can use the word 포함하다/되다 like this at the end of sentences, it is usually used in the middle of a sentence to indicate what is or isn’t included in something. You learned about the “simple connectors” ~아/어in the previous lesson and how they can be used to connect two clauses without any real meaning. You can use that same grammatical principle when using 포함하다 in sentences. For example:
나를 포함해 4명이 있어요 = There is 4 people including me
저의 친구를 포함해 사람 10명은 같이 여행할 거에요 = 10 people will go travel together, including me
세금을 포함해 이 집은 20만원입나다 = including taxes, this house is 20만원
When using 포함하다 in these situations, there doesn’t appear to be any difference in meaning if you also attach ~서 to “포함해”:
나를 포함해서 4명이 있어요 = There is 4 people including me
Now that you know how to say “including…” in sentences, it is time to learn how to say “excluding…” in sentences. I will talk about this in the next section.
To exclude: 제외하다
Just like “포함하다,” and many other verbs, the verb “제외하다” can be placed at the end of a sentence. For example:
나쁜 성적 때문에 선생님은 그 학생을 여행에서 제외했어요 = The teacher excluded the student from the trip because of his bad grades
It can also be used in the passive voice as well:
나쁜 성적 때문에 학생은 여행에서 제외되었어요 = The student was excluded from the trip because of his bad grades
However, just like the word “포함하다” is used to have the meaning “including…”, 제외하다 is often used in the middle of a sentence to say “except/excluding…”. In order to do this, you simply place “제외하고 OR 제외한” after the noun you want to exclude. For example:
저는 저의 어머니를 제외한 모든 여자들을 싫어합니다, or:
저는 저의 어머니를 제외하고 모든 여자들을 싫어합니다
(except for my mother, I hate all women)
Notice in the first example, the ~는 것 principle is being used. “저의 어머니를 제외한” becomes a verb that can describe a noun. Translated directly, this part of the sentence in English is: “The women except for my mother”
In the second example, ‘~고’ is being used, and the sentence can simply be separated into two separate clauses:
저의 어머니를 제외하고, and
저는 모든 여자들을 싫어합니다
You don’t really need to know why or how these grammatical forms work (even though I just explained it). What is important is you know that you can use ~제외한 or ~제외하고 in these sentences to mean “except…”
More examples:
사람 10명을 제외하고 그 공장에서 일한 사람들이 다 죽었어요 = Except for 10 people, everybody working at that factory died축구를 제외하고 저는 모든 스포츠가 좋아요 = I like all sports except for soccer
However, when you want to exclude an adverb (in these cases; a place, time, day, month, etc…) you must use 제외하고 and not 제외한. For example:
일요일을 제외하고 저는 매일 일해요 = Except for Sunday, I work every day
다음 달을 제외하고 저는 올해 내내 한국에서 있을 거에요 = Except for next month, I will be in Korea for the entire year
You can also use the ~면 or ~ㄴ/는다면 grammatical principles when you use the word 제외하다. This literally just translates the sentence into “if you exclude…”:
나를 제외한다면 모든 사람들이 갈 거에요 = If you exclude me, everybody is going
Though I have covered everything I would like to cover regarding 제외하다 and 포함하다, there is one more word I would like to talk about before finishing this lesson.
In addition to: 외에
The word “외에” could be talked about in another lesson, but I felt this lesson would be fitting because of the similarities with the word “제외하다.” I’m not sure if you have been brushing up on your Hanja (Chinese characters), but the character 외 in Hanja is 外. This character means “to be outside” and is used in a lot of Korean words 제외하다 is: 除外하다. By just using the word 외 (外) and attaching 에 to it, you can create the meaning of “outside of this” or “in addition to this. For example:
저는 공부 외에 운동도 좋아해요 = I like studying in addition to exercising
저는 음식 외에 홍삼도 샀어요 = I bought food in addition to Ginseng
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KOREAN LANGUAGE TUTORIAL
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