KOREAN LANGUAGE TUTORIAL

LESSON 41

Korean Lesson: Lessons 41

관심 is a very common noun that you can use to say "I am interested" in something. "에" is added to the thing you are interested in, and 관심 is followed by ~이 있다. Translates directly to "I have interest in ____.":

저는 한국역사에 관심이 있어요 = I am interested in Korean history

Every ____ (everybody, every time, everywhere, etc...)
Any _____ (anybody, anytime, anywhere, etc...)
Some ____ (somebody, sometime, somewhere, etc...)
No ______ (nobody, nowhere, nothing)
I left spaces in the vocabulary list between different sets of these words (for no reason other than to make it organized).
Everything/Everywhere/Every time/Everyone
Everything

The most common way to say "every _____" is to place the word '모든' before a noun. 모든 looks, sounds, and acts like an adjective, but I think it is an adverb. Even though 모든 ends in ㄴ (which all adjectives would also end in placed before a noun - 예쁜, 아름다운, 똑똑한), the dictionary form of 모드다 does not exist, so my gut is telling me that 모든 is an adverb. What does that mean to you? Nothing, really - just know that even though 모든 looks like an adjective, a sentence cannot end with 모든 (because, like I said, I don't think it is an adjective).
Anyways, I'm going to the first sentence of that paragraph again: The most common way to say "every _____" is to place the word '모든' before a noun:
모든 것 = everything
모든 사람 = all people/every person
모든 과일 = all fruits/every fruit
모든 선생님 = all teachers/every teacher
Those can now go in sentences very easily:

모든 아시아 사람들은 첫가락을 잘 쓴다 = All Asian people use chopsticks wel
l
모든 학생들은 하루 종일 잤어 = All students slept all day

There is also another word that you should be aware of: 모두, which has the meaning of "all."

The word 모두 more or less has the same meaning as 모든, but is used differently. Actually, I learned 모두 at the same time as when I learned 모든, but I never use 모두 when I speak. I hear it all the time, I read it all the time, I know what it means all the time, but the usage is so much more complicated than 모든, I always just use 모든 instead. There doesn't seem to be one simple way to use 모두, but I will try to explain it the best I can:
모두 gets placed after a noun. An adverb, it has a similar meaning and usage to the word "다," also meaning "all."

선생님들은 모두 똑똑해요 = All teachers are smart, which could also be written as:

선생님들은 다 똑똑해요 = All teachers are smart, or

모든 선생님들은 똑똑해요 = Every teacher is smart

'다' can also be placed after 모두 in the same sentence:

선생님들은 모두 다 똑똑해요 = All teachers are smart
It can also be used as a noun to mean "everybody" with or without a particle:
모두는 이해했어요 = Everybody understood (my girlfriend says this sentence is correct but sounds awkward).
모두 이해했어요 = Everybody understood OR it could mean:
(나는) 모두 이해했어 = I understood everything
모두 is a difficult word that doesn't seem to follow a specific rule. Because of that, it is hard to teach. My best advice to you is to do what I did: be aware of it to the point that you can recognize it when you hear/see it, but you don't need to worry about using it.

Everywhere/Every time/Everyone
나 can be added to the words 'where,' 'when,' and 'who' to mean 'everywhere,' 'every time,' and 'everyone':
어디 = where
어디나 = everywhere
언제 = when
언제나 = every time/always
누구 = who
누구나 = everyone
Particles are usually not added to these words:
나는 한국에서 어디나 여행하고 싶어 = I want to travel everywhere in Korea
그녀는 언제나 늦게 와요 = She comes late every time
누구나 그 여자를 알아요 = Everybody knows that girl
Something/Somewhere/Sometime/Somebody
ㄴ가 can be added to the words 'what,' 'where,' 'when,' and 'who' to mean 'something,' 'somewhere,' 'sometime,' and 'somebody':
뭐 = what
뭔가 = something
어디 = where
어딘가 = somewhere
언제 = when
언젠가 = sometime
누구 = who
누군가 = somebody
Particles are not usually added to 언젠가:
나는 언젠가 선생님이 되고 싶어 = I want to become a teacher someday
Particles can be added to 누군가, 어딘가 and 뭔가. There doesn't seem to be any rhythm or reason to when they should/shouldn't be added.
열쇠를 어딘가(에) 두웠어 = I left my keys somewhere

나는 방금 뭔가(를) 봤어 = I just saw something a minute ago

누군가(는) 너를 찾고 있어 = Somebody is looking for you

Anything/Anywhere/Anytime/Anybody
By placing a noun between 아무 and 나, you can create the meaning "any _(noun)__." The nouns usually used in this situation are:
거 = short form of 것, meaning "thing"
데 = meaning "place" but "데" is only used in certain situations. I will explain all of those to you as we go on to other lessons.
때 = meaning "time"
Particles are usually not attached to these words:
저는 아무거나 먹고 싶어요 = I want to eat anything
나는 아무데나 가고 싶어요 = I want to go anywhere (more naturally translated to English as "I'd go anywhere")
아무때나 좋아요 = anytime is good
아무나 (anybody) is slightly different from the three above words because there is no noun between '아무' and '나' - it is simply 아무나. Like the above words, particles are not usually added to 아무나, but they can be in some situations.

나는 아무나* 사귀고 싶어 = I want to go out with anybody (I'd go out with anybody)
(*Usually, (이)랑/과/와 or other particles meaning "with" in Korean are added to the person that you are "going out with." But, like I said, particles aren't usually attached to 아무나. If you wanted to say "I am going out with that girl," you could say "저는 그 여자랑 사귀고 있어요.")
Nobody/Nothing/Nowhere
You can replace "나" in 아무나, 아무데나 and 아무거나 with "도" to create 'nobody,' 'nothing,' 'nowhere:'
아무나 = anybody
아무도 = nobody
아무거나 = anything (the reason ㅅ is removed in 아무거나 is because it is harder to say "아무것나" than "아무거나")
아무것도 = nothing
아무데나 = anywhere
아무데도 = nowhere
You can't really add 도 to 아무때~ because that would be... what? Notime? Doesn't make sense.
Here is the complicated part. When using the form 아무__도, the end of the sentence must be negative. This is counter intuitive for English speakers. In English, we would say:
Nobody likes me
"Nobody" is negative, so we don't need to say: "Nobody doesn't like me." That is a double negative that simply means "Everybody likes me."
But, in Korean, when you want to use "아무__도" the sentence must end in a negative way, however weird it may sound to you at first:
아무도 나를 좋아하지 않아 = Nobody likes me (Even though it looks like "nobody doesn't like me")
저는 아무거도 먹고 싶지 않아요 = I don't want to eat anything/I want to eat nothing
아기는 아무데도 가지 않았어 = The baby didn't go anywhere/The baby went nowhere
Placing other nouns (besides 거, 때 and 데) between '아무' and '나' is rarely done. However, it is common to place other nouns between '아무' and '도':
저는 엄마랑 아무 관계도 없어요 = I don't have any relationship with my mother/I have no relationship with my mother

저는 아무 말도 하지 않았어요 = I didn't say anything/I said nothing

Each (마다)
When I first learned about the word 마다, I was very confused about the difference between 모든 ____ and ___마다. 마다 means "each" and is placed after a noun:
날마다 = each day
학생마다 = each student
금요일마다 = each/every Friday
30분마다 = each/every 30 minutes
When I first learned about this, I asked the following question to my grammar teacher:
"What is the difference between '모든 학생', and 학생마다?"
The answer is so subtle, but there is a difference. The only way I can explain it is by saying the following:
If you can explain the difference between "every student" and "each student" in English, than you fully understand the difference between "모든 학생" and "학생마다."
But really, can you explain the difference between "every student" and "each student"? There is a difference. I know there is a difference. "Each" has something to do with 'each individual student,' whereas "every" has something to do with 'all students.'... huh?
I don't know. I always think I can explain the difference between "each" and "every" in English, but it's too confusing.
Just remember that 마다 means "each" and "모든" means "every." That is more than enough.
이 버스는 10분마다 와요 = This bus comes each/every 10 minutes

학생마다 달라요 = Each student is different