Our growing quest for outdoor adventures often leads to injury and illness as a result of specific factors related to the environment that frequently require first aid care.
BITES AND STINGS
Insect bites and stings are a common and an annoying occurrence. Most bites are minor but the potential for a serious allergic reaction does exist.
Be alert for any signs or symptoms of a severe allergic reaction, as this must prompt immediate 911 notification.
Bites and stings caused by insects such as spiders, scorpions, and fire ants can cause local reactions, but on occasion more serious systemic reactions can occur (Figure 12a).
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Figure 12a
Signs and symptoms that suggest a more serious reaction include:Nausea or vomitingSevere pain at the siteAbdominal painDifficulty breathingMuscle rigidityHeadacheDecreased responsiveness
The black widow spider bite is known to cause severe abdominal pain that can mimic appendicitis in children.
Ticks carry a variety of diseases, and one must be vigilant for signs and symptoms for up to one month after exposure. Signs of a tick-borne disease include fever, headache, joint pain, and skin rash. To remove an attached tick, grasp it by the head with tweezers and pull straight out. Clean the area with soap and water or an alcohol swab. If the tick bite occurred in a geographic area where tick-borne disease occurs, seek medical treatment for possible prophylactic antibiotic therapy.
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Figure 12b
Lyme disease can produce a distinctive "bull's eye" rash (Figure 12b). Seek medical treatment.
If visible, remove a bee stinger by scraping it away. Wash the area with cold water and apply ice. Stay with the person for at least 30 minutes as some allergic reactions can be delayed in onset.
A bite from an animal such as a raccoon, bat, skunk, fox, or coyote carries the highest risk of rabies. Always make sure the scene is safe when giving first aid to any person with an animal bite. Contact the emergency response system as an animal control officer may be able to capture the animal and determine the risk of rabies. Clean the wound with soap and water and control bleeding by applying direct pressure. Animal bites are prone to infection and can cause further injury due to the puncture nature of the wound. Seek medical care by a qualified health care professional for any bite that breaks the skin, or if there is concern about rabies or other infection.
Snake bites require medical attention. If the pain is getting worse, swelling occurs, bruising develops, or systemic signs (nausea and vomiting) develop, a poisonous snakebite has occurred. Call 911 and do not delay medical attention. Make sure the scene is safe, and the snake is no longer a threat. Keep the person calm and try to avoid moving the extremity that was bitten. Remove any constricting clothing and jewelry from the affected area. Gently wash the affected area with soap and water if available. Additional care is required in a hospital setting. Do not apply a tourniquet.
