Introduction To Criminology
( Crimsoc 1)
Definition of Terms
• Abrahamsen - In his crime and human mind, 1945, explained the causesof crime by his formula "Criminal Behavior equals criminalistic
tendencies plus crime inducing situation divided by the personsmental or emotional resistance to temptation.
• Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874) - was a Belgian mathematician, astronomer andstatistician, he helped to establish the cartographic school and positivist schoolsof criminology which made extensive use of statistical techniques. Through
statistical analysis, Quetelet gained insight into the relationships between crime andother social factors. Among his findings were strong relationships between age andcrime, as well as gender and crime.
• Alienist - a doctor specializing in the treatment of mental illness.An expert witness in a sanity trial.
• Andrew Von Hirsch - developed the notion of just desert.
• Just desert - has five guidelines;
1. treat legalpunishment as a desert;
2. avoid doing harm;
3. sentencedelinquency, not the delinquent;
4. interfere parsimoniously;
5. restrain efforts to prevent crime; modern day
utilitarianism.
• Anger - is an emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone orsomething you feel has deliberately done you wrong.
• Anomie - is a condition in which society provides little moralguidance to individuals.
Anthropology - is the study of humans, past and present.
•Atavism - The return of a trait or recurrence of previous behaviorafter a period of absence.
•Atavistic Anomaly - physically their throwbacks on the evolutionaryscale to more primitive times, where people were savages.
• August Aichhorn - is considered to be one of the founders of psychoanalyticeducation. He is remembered for his work with juvenile delinquent anddisadvantaged youth. He believed that imposed discipline and suppressionwhich were practiced in traditional reformatories yielded few
positive results.
• Autophobia - is the specific phobia of isolation; a morbid fear ofbeing egotistical, or a dread of being alone or isolated.
• Monophobia - is an acute fear of being alone and having tocope without a specific person, or perhaps any person, inclose proximity.
• Biometrics - is a technique for identification of people that usesbody characteristics or behavioural traits and is increasingly being
used instead of or in conjunction with other forms of identificationbased on something you have (e.g. ID card) or something you know
(e.g. password or PIN).
• Bromberg - (crime and mind 1948) criminality is the result ofemotional immaturity. A person is emotionally matured when he haslearned to control his emotion effectively and who live at peacewith himself and in harmony with the standard of conduct which areacceptable to society. Am emotionally immature person rebels againstrules and regulations, tends to engage in unusual activities andexperience a feeling of guilt due to inferiority complex.
• Brotherhood - an association, society, or community of people linkedby a common interest, religion, or trade.
• Cesare Beccaria - founders of the classical school of thought withincriminology.
• Cesare Lombroso - an Italian criminologist, founder of the Italianschool of criminology, formulated the theory of anthropologicalcriminology, essentially stated that criminality was inherited, andthat someone "born criminal" could be identified by physical defects,which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic.
