Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox), is a highly potent neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.[18] It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction, thus causing flaccid paralysis.[19] The toxin causes the disease botulism.[20] The toxin is also used commercially for medical and cosmetic purposes.[21][22]
Botulinum toxin A
Ribbon diagram of tertiary structure of BotA (P0DPI1). PDB entry 3BTA.
Clinical data
Trade names
Botox, Myobloc, Jeuveau, others
Other names
BoNT, abobotulinumtoxinA, daxibotulinumtoxinA, daxibotulinumtoxinA-lanm, evabotulinumtoxinA, incobotulinumtoxinA, letibotulinumtoxinA, onabotulinumtoxinA, prabotulinumtoxinA, relabotulinumtoxinA, rimabotulinumtoxinB
AHFS/Drugs.com
Monograph
MedlinePlus
a619021
License data
US DailyMed: Botulinum toxin
Pregnancy
category
AU: B3[1][2]
Routes of
administration
Intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal
ATC code
M03AX01 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
AU: S4 (Prescription only)[1][2][4][5][6]
CA: ℞-only[7][8]
UK: POM (Prescription only)[9][10][11][12]
US: WARNING[3]Rx-only[13][14][15][16][17]
EU: Rx-only
Identifiers
CAS Number
93384-43-1
DrugBank
DB00083
ChemSpider
none
UNII
E211KPY694
Botulinum toxin: UC95NQ339C
KEGG
D00783
Botulinum toxin: D08957
ECHA InfoCard
100.088.372
Chemical and physical data
Formula
C6760H10447N1743O2010S32
Molar mass
149323.05 g·mol−1
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Bontoxilysin
Identifiers
EC no.
3.4.24.69
Databases
IntEnz
IntEnz view
BRENDA
BRENDA entry
ExPASy
NiceZyme view
KEGG
KEGG entry
MetaCyc
metabolic pathway
PRIAM
profile
PDB structures
RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology
AmiGO / QuickGO
Search
PMC
articles
PubMed
articles
NCBI
proteins
The seven main types of botulinum toxin are named types A to G (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G).[21][23] New types are occasionally found.[24][25] Types A and B are capable of causing disease in humans, and are also used commercially and medically.[26][27][28] Types C–G are less common; types E and F can cause disease in humans, while the other types cause disease in other animals.[29]
Botulinum toxins are among the most potent toxins known to science.[30] Intoxication can occur naturally as a result of either wound or intestinal infection or by ingesting formed toxin in food. The estimated human median lethal dose of type A toxin is 1.3–2.1 ng/kg intravenously or intramuscularly, 10–13 ng/kg when inhaled, or 1000 ng/kg when taken by mouth.[31] Commercial forms are marketed under the brand names Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA),[13][32][33] Dysport/Azzalure (abobotulinumtoxinA),[32][34] Letybo (letibotulinumtoxinA),[35][1] Myobloc (rimabotulinumtoxinB),[15][32] Xeomin/Bocouture (incobotulinumtoxinA),[36] and Jeuveau (prabotulinumtoxinA).[37][38
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