Manifesto of the Communist Party

Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith

This document is the draft programme discussed at the First Congress of the Communist League in

London on June 2-9, 1847.

The Congress was a final stage in the reorganisation of the League of the Just - an organisation of

German workers and craftsmen, which was founded in Paris in 1836-37 and soon acquired an

international character, having communities in Germany, France, Switzerland, Britain and Sweden.

The activity of Marx and Engels directed towards the ideological and organisational unity of the

socialists and advanced workers prompted the leaders of the League (Karl Schapper, Joseph Moll,

Heinrich Bauer), who resided in London front November 1846, to ask for their help in reorganising

the League and drafting its new program me. When Marx and Engels were convinced that the leaders

of the League of the Just were ready to accept the principles of scientific communism as its

programme they accepted the offer to join the League made to them late in January 1847.

Engels' active participation in the work of the Congress (Marx was unable to go to London) affected

the course and the results of its proceedings. The League was renamed the Communist League, the old

motto of the League of the Just "All men are brothers" was replaced by a new, Marxist one: "Working

Men of All Countries, Unite! " The draft programme and the draft Rules of the League were approved

at the last sitting on June 9, 1847.

The full text of the "Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith" (Credo) became known only in 1968.

It was found by the Swiss scholar Bert Andréas together with the draft Rules and the circular of the

First Congress to the members of the League in the archives of Joachim Friedrich Martens, an active

member of the Communist League, which are kept in the State and University Library in Hamburg.

This discovery made it possible to ascertain a number of important points in the history of the

Communist League and the drafting of its programme documents. It had been previously assumed that

the First Congress did no more than adopt a decision to draw up a programme and that the draft itself

was made by the London Central Authority of the Communist League (Joseph Moll, Karl Schapper

and Heinrich Bauer) after the Congress between June and August 1847. The new documents show that

the draft was ready by June 9, 1847 and that its author was Engels (the manuscript found in Martens'

archives, with the exception of some inserted words, the concluding sentence and the signatures of the

president and the secretary of the Congress, was written in Engels' hand).

The document testifies to Engels' great influence on the discussion of the programme at the Congress

- the formulation of the answers to most of the questions is a Marxist one. Besides, while drafting the

programme, Engels had to take into account that the members of the League had not yet freed

themselves from the influence of utopian ideas and this was reflected in the formulation of the first six

questions and answers. The form of a "revolutionary catechism" was also commonly used in the

League of the Just and other organisations of workers and craftsmen at the time. It may he assumed

that Engels intended to give greater precision to some of the formulations of the programme document

in the course of further discussion and revision.

After the First Congress of the Communist League, the "Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith"

was sent, together with the draft Rules, to the communities for discussion, the results of which were to

be taken into account at the time of the final approval of the programme and the Rules at the Second

Congress. When working on another, improved draft programme, the Principles of Communism, in

late October 1847, Engels made direct use of the "Confession of Faith", as can be seen from the

coincidences of the texts, and also from references in the Principles to the earlier document when

Engels had apparently decided to leave formulations of some of the answers as they were.