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Materialism is a form of which holds that is the fundamental in , and that all things, including and , are results of material interactions.
According to , and are first-order realities to which matter is subject and secondary. According to philosophical materialism, the converse is true. Here mind and consciousness are or of material processes (the of the and nervous system, for example) without which they cannot exist. According to this doctrine the material creates and determines consciousness, not vice versa.
Materialist theories are mainly divided into three groups. Naive materialism identifies the material world with specific elements (e.g. the scheme of the four elements—fire, air, water and earth—devised by the ). Metaphysical materialism examines separated parts of the world in a static, isolated environment. adapts the Hegelian dialectic for materialism, examining parts of the world in relation to each other within a dynamic environment.
Materialism is closely related to - the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the theories of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: , and , , and so on. Thus the term "physicalism" is preferred over "materialism" by some, while others use the terms as if they are .
Philosophies contradictory to materialism or physicalism include , , , and other forms of .
