Cognitive Development Theory by Jean Piaget's
Basic Cognitive Concepts:
1. Schema - the cognitive structure by which individuals
intellectually adapt to and organize their environment.
2. Assimilation - the process of fitting new experience into an
existing created schema.
3. Accommodation - the process of creating a new schema
4. Equilibrium - achieving a proper balance between
assimilation and accommodation.
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Stages of Cognitive Development:
1. Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
Object permanence
– ability attained in this stage where he knows that an
object still exists even when out of sight
2. Preoperational Stage ( 2 to 7 years)
Symbolic Function – the ability to represent objects and
events.
Egocentrism – the tendency of a child to only see his point
of view and assume that everyone else also has his same
point of view.
Centration – the tendency of the child to only focus on one
thing or event and exclude other aspects.
Lack of Conservation – the inability to realize that some
things remain unchanged despite looking different.
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Irreversibility – Pre-operational children still have the
inability to reverse their thinking.
Animism – the tendency of the child to attribute human-like
traits to inanimate objects.
Realism - – believing those psychological events, such as
dreams are real
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Transductive reasoning – reasoning that is neither inductive
nor deductive, reasoning that appears to be from particular
to particular.
3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years).
Decentering – the ability of the child to perceive the
different features of objects and situations.
Reversibility – the ability of the child to follow that certain
operations can be done in reverse.
Conservation – the ability to know that certain properties of
objects like number, mass, volume or area do not change even if there is a change in appearance.
Seriation – the ability to arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight, volume, size, etc.
4. Formal Operational Stage (11 years and beyond)
Hypothetical Reasoning – ability to come up with different
hypothesis about a problem and weigh data to make
judgment.
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5. Analogical Reasoning – ability to perceive the relationship in
one instance and use that relationship to narrow down
possible answers in similar problems.
Deductive Reasoning – the ability to think logically by applying a general rule to a particular situation.
