Social Studies: Important Notes

Notes 21

A pardon is an act of grace, proceeding from the power entrusted with the execution of the laws, which exempts the individual, on whom it is bestowed, from the punishment the law inflicts for a crime he has committed.

Clemency refers to multiple forms of presidential mercy. The two most common forms are pardons, which forgive past crimes and restore civil rights, and commutations, which completely or partially reduce sentences for those in prison or on community supervision.

Reprieve is an that or the , by , of a .

A stay of execution is a court order to temporarily suspend the execution of a court judgment or other court order. The word "execution" does not necessarily mean the death penalty (although it can); it refers to the imposition of whatever judgment is being stayed. It is similar to an injunction.

Social movements are large, often informal groupings of people who come together against power holders around a common cause, in response to situations of perceived inequality, oppression and/or unmet social, political, economic or cultural demands. Social movements are not new.

Communal groups generally share common characteristics. Usually they are formed for either religious or economic reasons. Historically, religious communal groups tended to last longer and were more successful. Communal groups tend to be small and established in a confined place.

Parliamentary immunity, also known as legislative immunity, is a system in which members of the parliament or legislature are granted partial immunity from prosecution. Before prosecuting, it is necessary that the immunity be removed, usually by a superior court of justice or by the parliament itself.

Diplomatic immunity is a principle of international law by which certain foreign government officials are not subject to the jurisdiction of local courts and other authorities for both their official and, to a large extent, their personal activities.

A bill of attainder is an act of a legislature declaring a person, or a group of persons, guilty of some crime, and punishing them, often without a trial.

The right of all persons to have the same access to the law and courts and to be treated equally by the law and courts, both in procedures and in the substance of the law. Deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

Due process of law: No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.

The Double Jeopardy Clause in the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution prohibits anyone from being prosecuted twice for substantially the same crime. The relevant part of the Fifth Amendment states, "No person shall be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb."

Who created Bonifacio Monument and Oblation of the University of the Philippines? A famous sculptor, Guillermo Tolentino.

Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise is the right to vote in public, political elections (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote). In most democracies, eligible voters can vote in elections of representatives. Voting on issues by referendum may also be available.

Electoral right means the a to , or not to stand as, or to from being, a or to or from at an .

General Jonathan Wainwright: On May 6, 1942, U.S. Lieutenant General Jonathan Wainwright surrenders all U.S. troops in the Philippines to the Japanese. The island of Corregidor remained the last Allied stronghold in the Philippines after the Japanese victory at Bataan (from which General Wainwright had managed to flee, to Corregidor).

Fidel V. Ramos: Philippines 2000 was the socio-economic program of former Philippine president Fidel V. Ramos. The plan envisioned the Philippines achieving a newly industrialized country status by the year 2000.

The Ilustrados (Spanish: [ilusˈtɾaðos], "erudite", "learned" or "enlightened ones") constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. They were the middle class who were educated in Spain and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals.

Imperialism is the state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other territories and peoples.

Treaty port, any of the ports that Asian countries, especially China and Japan, opened to foreign trade and residence beginning in the mid-19th century because of pressure from powers such as Britain, France, Germany, the United States, and, in the case of China, Japan and Russia.

Guerrilla warfare in the Peninsular War refers to the armed civilian actions carried out by non-regular troops against Napoleon's Grand Armée in Spain and Portugal during the Peninsular War. The strain the guerrillas caused such a strain on the French troops led Napoleon to dub the conflict the "Spanish Ulcer."