Abnormal
- away from the norm
- a deviation
Criteria:
1) Dysfunction - inability to function in daily life
2) Distress - emotional and physical pain
3) Deviance - highly unusual behavior
4) Dangerousness - cause harm to self and others
Mental Disorder (DSM-5)
- a syndrome
- clinically significant disturbance on individual's cognition, emotion regulation, ot behavior
- reflects a mental dysfunction in psychological, biological or developmental processes
- significant distress in social, occupational, and other important activities
a. Neurosis *no longer in DSM-5
- high level of unrealistic anxiety
- no physical basis
- symptoms are unacceptable by the person and are enduring
b. Psyhosis *no longer in DSM-5
- loss of contact with reality
- bizarre thoughts and perception
- disturbed or out of control behavior
Historical Perspective
1) Mystical & Supernatural View
- abnormal behavior is a product or possession or evil spirits
2) Scientific Approah
- looks for natural causes (biological imbalances, learning processes, emotional stressors)
3) Humanitarian Approach
- abnormal behavior is a result of cruelty, nonacceptance, or poor living conditions
Ethics (PAP Code of Ethics)
Ethical Principles
1) Principle 1
- respect for the dignity of persons and peoples
- recognizes the worth of all human beings
2) Principle 2
- competent caring for the well-being of persons and peoples
- working for their benefit, doing no harm
3) Principle 3
- Integrity
- honesty, truthful, open and accurate communications
4) Principle 4
- professional and scientific responsibilities to society
- contributing the knowledge about human behavior to others
- encouraging societal development beneficial to all persons
Risks of the Study have been minimized, through the following rights:
1) Confidentiality
2) Understanding the Study
3) Right to refuse or withdraw participation
4) Informed Consent
5) Free from Deception
6) Debriefing
Clinical Assessment
- collecting information about an individual
- to understand and arrive at an informed decision
1) Aspects of Assessment
a. Presenting Problem
b. Areas of Functioning - cognitive, personality factors, coping resources
c. Social Context
d. Formulation or Hypothesis - hypothesis to diagnosis to treatment
2) Dimensions of Behavior to be Assessed
- characteristic patterns of behavior
- excesses, deficits, appropriateness, strengths, weaknesses
- assessment tools must be valid, reliable, and standardized
a. Valid - the tool measures what it supposed to measure
a1. Face Validity
a2. Content Validity
a3. Concurrent Valdity
a4. Predictive Validity
a5. Construct Valdity
b. Reliability - consistency in measuring what it is supposed to measure
b1. Test-retest Reliability
b2. Interrater Reliability
b3. Internal Reliability
b4. Alternate Form Reliability
c. Standardization - standard method of administration, scoring, and interpretation
3) Assessment of the Physical Organism
a. General Physical Examination
b. Neurological Examination
c. Neuropsychological Test - to detect cognitive deficits
4. Psychological Assessment
a. Clinical Interview
a1. Structured Interview
a2. Mental Status Exam
b. Clinical Observation of Behavior
b1. Self-Monitoring - keeping track of behavior, feeling, or thinking
c. Psychological Tests
c1. Intelligence Tests
c2. Personality Tests (Projective Tests & Objective Personality Tests)
