Because more science fiction is set in unconventional settings (such as an alternative timeline or in outer space), the types of weapons used varies based on environment. However, I have compiled a list of some of the common types of weapons found in pop culture. If you are writing a story set in the past or in an alternative timeline, I would advise researching what kind of weapons were used in that time period and possibly adding your own twist to them.
Lightsabers: swords with blades made from condensed light. Popularized by the series Star Wars.
Energy weapons
*ray guns/blasters: Guns that shoot lasers. Pew Pew! May be as large as needed.
Phasers: Created by the tv series Star Trek, Phasers are guns that are capable or shooting an "beam" of energy into their target. They are capable of a spectrum of results, ranging from simply stunning the victim to full on disintegrating them.
Powered armor and fighting suits: Cybernetic armor that encases the wearer, providing them with extra protection and increasing their strength and
Cyberwarefare: Computers or cybernetics designed for compact. For example, a robotic drone that resembles an insect that can wiggle into a victim's ear and take control of their mind.
Biologically or cybernetic-ly(?) advanced beings: Any member of the five kingdoms of life that have been altered to be used as a weapon. (See Cyborgs)
Choose whatever weapons seem best for your story and have fun! That's the most important part of writing.
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The Book of Fictional Writing 101
Non-FictionA handy lexicon of terms used in and applied to literary fiction and what they actually mean, as well as some ideas on how to improve your writing.
