Verbs and adjectives

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I am back!! Have a good read...this chapter (and the next one are more difficult now...)❤
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Nouns:

음식 = food
케이크 = cake
공항 = airport
병원 = hospital
공원 = park
한국어 = Korean (language)
머리 = head
다리 = leg
손가락 = finger
귀 = ear
팔 = arm
눈 = eye
입 = mouth
배 = stomach
버스 = bus
배 = boat
우리 = we/us

Adverbs:

아주 = very
매우 = very
너무 = too (often used to mean 'very')

Verbs:

먹다 = to eat
가다 = to go
만나다 = to meet
닫다 = to close
열다 = to open
원하다 = to want (an object)
만들다 = to make
하다 = to do
말하다 = to speak
이해하다 = to understand
좋아하다 = to like

Adjectives:

크다 = to be big
작다 = to be small
새롭다 = to be new
낡다 = to be old (not age)
비싸다 = to be expensive
싸다 = to be not expensive, to be cheap
아름답다 = to be beautiful
뚱뚱하다 = to be fat, to be chubby
길다 = to be long
좋다 = to be good


Some Quick Notes about Korean Verbs and Adjectives

Now it is time to start learning things that you can apply to any verb or any adjective. There are a few things you need to know about Korean verbs and adjectives:

🔹1) I said this before (twice) but I'm going to say it again. Every Korean sentence must end in either a verb or an adjective (this includes 이다 and 있다).
Every sentence absolutely must have a verb or adjective at the end of the sentence

🔹2) You should notice that every Korean verb and adjective ends with the syllable '다.' 100% of the time, the last syllable in a verb or adjective must be '다.'(in the infinitive). Look up at the vocabulary from this chapter if you don't believe me...

🔹3) In addition to ending in '다' many verbs and adjectives end with the two syllables '하다.' '하다' means 'do.' Verbs ending in 하다 are amazing, because you can simply eliminate the '하다' to make the noun form of that verb/adjective.
Confused? I was at first too. But it is something so essential to learning the language. It is confusing to English speakers because we don't realize that words can have a verb/adjective form AND a noun form.
For example:

행복하다 = happy
행복 = happiness
성공하다 = succeed
성공 = success
말하다 = speak
말 = speech/words
성취하다 = achieve
성취 = achievement
취득하다 = acquire
취득 = acquisition

You don't need to memorize those words yet (they are difficult), but it is important for you to realize that '하다' can be removed from words in order to create nouns.
Verbs/adjectives that end in "하다" are typically of Chinese origin and have an
equivalent Hanja (한자) form. Verbs that do not end in "하다" are of Korean origin and
do not have a Hanja form. If you can speak Chinese, you will probably have an advantage at learning more difficult Korean vocabulary, as a lot of difficult Korean words have a Chinese origin.

Korean Verbs

We have already talked about verbs a little bit in previous chapters, but nothing has been formally taught. You learned the basic verb sentence structure in the first chapters. Let's look at this again. If you want to say "I eat food" you should know how to use the particles 는/은 and 를/을:

"I eat food"
I 는 food 를 eat
To make a sentence, you simply need to substitute the English words with Korean words:
저는 + 음식을 + 먹다
저는 음식을 먹다 = I eat food

Although the structure of the sentences presented in this lesson is perfect, the verbs are not conjugated, not perfect. Before learning how to conjugate, however, it is essential that you understand the word-order of these sentences. However, because of some strange Korean grammatical rules, the sentences provided in the "Adjectives" section are technically perfect but are presented in an uncommon (but simplest) conjugation pattern.
For now, try to understand the word order of the sentences and how the verbs/adjectives are being used.
As with previous chapters, conjugated examples (one formal and one informal) are provided beneath the un-conjugated example:
Let's look at more examples:

나는 케이크를 만들다 = I make a cake
↘(나는 케이크를 만들어 / 저는 케이크를 만들어요)

나는 배를 원하다 = I want a boat
↘(나는 배를 원해 / 저는 배를 원해요)

나는 한국어를 말하다 = I speak Korean
↘(나는 한국어를 말해 / 저는 한국어를 말해요)

나는 공원에 가다 = I go to the park (notice the particle 에)
↘(나는 공원에 가 / 저는 공원에 가요)

나는 문을 닫다 = I close the door
↘(나는 문을 닫아 / 저는 문을 닫아요)

나는 창문을 열다 = I open the window
↘(나는 창문을 열어 / 저는 창문을 열어요)

Remember that sentences with verbs don't necessarily need to have an object in them:

저는 이해하다 = I understand
↘(나는 이해해 / 저는 이해해요)

Some verbs by default cannot act on an object. Words like: sleep, go, die, etc. You cannot say something like "I slept home", or "I went restaurant", or "I died her." You can use nouns in sentences with those verbs, but only with the use of other particles - some of which you have learned already (에) and some that you will learn later. With the use of other particles you can say things like:

I slept at home
I went to the restaurant
I died with her ((I know this one is weird...))

We will get into more complicated particles in later lessons, but here I want to focus on the purpose of 를/을 and its function as an object particle.

Korean Adjectives

Korean adjectives, just like Korean verbs are placed at the end of a sentence. The main difference between verbs and adjectives is that an adjective can never act on an object. Notice in the sentences below that there is no object being acted on.
Adjectives are very easy to use. Just put them into the sentence with your subject:
(Remember that the examples in parentheses show sentences that have been conjugated which you have not learned yet.)

나는 아름답다 = I am beautiful
↘(나는 아름다워 / 저는 아름다워요)

나는 작다 = I am small
↘(나는 작아 / 저는 작아요)

이 버스는 크다 = This bus is big
↘(이 버스는 커 / 이 버스는 커요)

그 병원은 새롭다 = That hospital is new
↘(그 병원은 새로워 / 그 병원은 새로워요)

There is one confusing thing about translating sentences with Korean adjectives to English. Notice that in all examples above, the words "am/is/are/etc..." are used. In English, these words must be used when using an adjective:

I am fat
He is fat
They are fat

Remember, the translation for "am/is/are" to Korean is "이다." However, you do not use "이다" when writing a sentence like this in Korean. Within the meaning of Korean
adjective is "is/am/are." Early learners are always confused by this. The confusion stems from the fact that it is done differently in English and Korean. Please, from here on, abandon what you know of grammar based on English - it will only hold you back.

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