KOREAN

54

Vocabulary

Nouns:

기초 = basic/foundation

기초 훈련 = basic training

의학 = medicine/medical knowledge

의사소통 = communication

조각 = piece/slice

부사장 = vice president

지도교사 = guidance counselor

원어민 = native speaker

불만 = complaint/dissatisfaction

자막 = subtitles

식중독 = food poisoning

존댓말 = honorific speaking

인격 = character (personality character)

Verbs:

먹이다 = feed

뛰다 = run

뽑다 = hire

운영하다 = manage/run/operate

갱신하다 = renewing (a contract)

토하다 = throw up

과장하다 = exaggerate

분석하다 = analysis/analyze

올라타다 = get on (a bus/plane/boat)

참석하다 = attend (a meeting)

Adjectives:

엄하다 = strict/severe (punishment)

자유롭다 = free

Adverbs and Other Words:

세월 = "years"/"time"

여러 가지 = all kinds of

오랜만에 = in a long time

대폭 = drastically/sharply

와중 = meanwhile (sort of like '동안)

For help memorizing these words, try using our Memrise tool.

Introduction

You have learned a lot about quoted sentences in the past two lessons, but there is still one more principle that you should be aware of before we move away from this for a while. In this lesson, you will learn how to quote sentences in the imperative mood: that is, sentences where somebody is giving a command or order to somebody else. This is probably the hardest of all three principles, but I'll break it down as simply as I can.

Quoted Imperative Sentences: ~(으)라고

When you learned about the imperative mood, you learned that there are many ways to end a sentence when giving somebody a command. Aside from the differences in politeness, these would all have the same meaning:

해!

해라!

하세요!

하십시오!

If I was going to put a word in there:

수고해! = work hard!

수고해라! = work hard!

수고하세요! = work hard!

수고하십시오! = wok hard!

However, when quoting words/sentences in the imperative mood, you don't use any of those endings. When doing so, you use an ending that is similar to the second one presented (수고해라).

That ending (수고해라) is composed of the word 수고하다 and adding the imperative ending "아/어라" to it." For example:

가라

먹어라

해라

마셔라

읽어라

However when quoting these sentences, you attach (으)라 to stems, not 아/어라. ~으라 gets added to word stems ending in a consonant, and ~라 gets added to stems ending in a vowel. Notice the difference:

가라

먹으라

하라

마시라

읽으라

Also notice that in some instances (가다, for example), there is no difference between the quoted and non-quoted versions.

Once we have added ~(으)라 to the stems, we must add "고" to it, to indicate that it is a quoted sentence:

가라고

먹으라고

하라고

마시라고

읽으라고

And then we can actually create sentences:

우리 아빠는 저에게 밥을 빨리 먹으라고 했어요 = My dad told me to eat fast

선생님은 학생들에게 열심히 공부하라고 했어요 = The teacher told the students to study hard

나는 애기에게 우유를 마시라고 했어 = I told the baby to drink his milk

어머니는 아들한테 밥을 먹으러 빨리 오라고 했어요 = The mother told her son to come to eat

Now that we know all of this, we can look at how to quote negative imperative sentences.

Negative Quoted Imperative Sentences: ~지 말라고

In the previous section, you learned about adding ~라고 to quoted sentences in the imperative mood. When doing that, you learned that you need to add ~라고 to the stem of a word that ends in a vowel, and ~으라고 to the stem that ends in a consonant.

However, when quoting a negative imperative sentence, you always just need to add ~지 말라고 to the stem of a word. This form is broken into three pieces:

~지 말다 = the negative imperative

~(으)라 = added to the stem of a quoted imperative word. Even though the stem of ~지 말다 ends in ㄹ, because we are adding ㄹ to ㄹ, we do not need to add "으." In other words, we would not write: ~지 말으라 because two ㄹ's can be put together without needing a "으"

~고 = indicates quoted sentence

So, if we had our same list from before:

가지 말라고

먹지 말라고

하지 말라고

마시지 말라고

읽지 말라고

Some examples:

그렇게 하지 말라고 했어! = I told you not to do it like that!

불을 만지지 말라고 했어! = I told you not to touch the fire!

밥을 그렇게 빨리 먹지 말라고 했어요! = I told you not to eat food that fast!

선생님은 수업에 늦게 오지 말라고 했어요 = The teacher told us not to come late to class

여자친구는 다른 여자와 대화를 하지 말라고 했어요 = My girlfriend told me not to talk to other girls

If you have any questions or comments, feel free to post on our Facebook page! (the comments here on the site are acting weird, sorry). Or, if you want to practice making sentences on your own, write a comment on our Facebook page and we can correct them for you right away!