PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
● IDEALISM - Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what we want the world to be
● REALISM - Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke
- (experience) fully mastery of knowledge
● BEHAVIORISM - always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior
● EXISTENTIALISM - Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"
- Focuses on self/individual
● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM - William James; John Dewey - learn from experiences through interaction to the environment
- Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children
● PERENNIALISM - Robert Hutchins
- focuses on unchanging/universal truths
● ESSENTIALISM - William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge
- Focuses on basic skills and knowledge
● PROGRESSIVISM - Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)
- focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality
● CONSTRUCTIVISM- Jean Piaget
- Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their experiences and their ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an epistemological stance.
● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM - George Counts - recognized that education was the means of preparing people for creating his new social order
- highlights social reform as the aim of education
* ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition through interaction and reading.
* ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions from one generation to the next generation
* Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.
* Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to encourage many answers and generate greater participation of students. Higher order thinking skills; to think more creatively.
* 90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law
* 30 days - "lapse"
