📚 Theories of Values Formation 📌
📓Psycho-Analytic Theory (Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939)
⏩Suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior. The unconscious is that part of the personality about which a person is unaware. It contains infantile wishes, desires, demands and needs that are hidden, because of their disturbing nature, from conscious awareness. Freud suggested that the unconscious is responsible for a good part of our everyday behavior. Accoring to Freud, one's personality has three aspects:
✅ The id - is the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle.
✅ The ego - is the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.
✅ The superego - is the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.
📓Behaviorist View (John B. Watson, 1878-1958)
⏩ Behaviorism is a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.
⏩ Behavior refers to any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism. Watson asserted that psychologist could study anything that people do or say-shopping, playing chess, eating, complimenting a friend-but they could not study scientifically the thoughts, wishes, and feelings that might accompany these behaviors.
📓Social-Cognitive Learning Theorist (Albert Bandura)
⏩ "Most human behavior is learned by observation through modeling" (Albert Bandura)
⏩ Observational learning occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. This process has been investigated extensively by Albert Bandura. Bandura does not see observational learning as entirely separate from classical and operant conditioning.
⏩ Bandura maintains that people's characteristic patterns of behavior are shaped by the models that they're exposed to. In observational learning, a model is a person whose behavior is observed by another. At one time or another, everyone serve as a model for others. Bandura's key point is that many response tendencies are the product of imitation.
📓 Confluent Theory - Tracks of Consciousness (Brian Hall)
⏩ Acquisition of value is dependent upon and could be limited by one's level of consciousness (the older one gets, the higher level of consciousness and the wider the range of needs and value options).
📓Psycho-Social/Epigenetic Theory (Eric Erikson)
⏩ Erikson concluded that events in early childhood leave a permanent stamp on adult personality.
⏩ Erikson partitioned the life span into eight stages, each characterized by a psychosocial crisis involving transitions in important social relationships.
⏩ According to Erikson, personality is shaped by how individuals deal with these psychosocial crises. Each crisis is a potential turning point that can yield different outcomes.
⏩ Erikson described the stages in terms of these alternative outcomes, which represent personality traits that people display over the remainder of their lives.
⏩ Erikson's Stage Theory
▶▶ Erikson's theory of personality development posits that people evolve through eight stages over the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychosocial crisis that involves confronting a fundamental question, such as "Who am I and where am I going?" The stages are described in terms of alternative traits that are potential outcomes from the crises. Development is enhanced when a crisis is resolved in favor of the healthier alternative.
📓Person-Centered Theory (Self-Theory) - (Carl Rogers, 1902-1987)
⏩ "It seems to me that at bottom each person is asking, "Who am I, really? How can I get in touch with this real self, underlying all my surface behavior? How can I become myself?"
⏩ Rogers (1951) argue that human behavior is governed primarily by each individual's sense of self, or "self-concept"-which animals presumably lack.
⏩ Rogers viewed personality structure in terms of just one construct. He called this construct the self, although it's more widely known today as the self-concept. A self-concept is a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.
⏩ Both he and Maslow (1954) maintained that to fully understand people's behavior, psychologist must take into account the fundamental human drive toward personal growth. They asserted that people have a basic need to continue to evolve as human beings and to fulfill their potentials.
📓 Humanistic Theory - Abraham Maslow's Self-Actualization Theory
⏩ Maslow proposed that human motives are organized into a hierarchy of needs-a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.
⏩ Maslow argued that humans have an innate drive toward personal growth-that is, evolution toward a higher state of being. Thus, he described the needs in the uppermost reaches of his hierarchy as growth needs. These include the needs for knowlegde, understanding, order, and aesthetic beauty. Foremost among them is the need for self actualization, which is the need to fulfill one's potential.
⏩ Maslow summarized this concept with a simple statement: "What a man can be, he must be."
⏩ According to Maslow, people will be frustrated if they are unable to fully utilize their talents or pursue their true interests.
📓 Cognitive Moral Development (Lawrence Kohlberg)
⏩ There exist a structural bases written each person that determine the process of perceiving value. This series of progression depends on the person's interaction with the environment. Moral reasoning is related to moral behavior.
⏩ Kohlberg's stages of moral development describe the young child as being in the "Premoral Stage" (up to about eight years), which basically means that "the child believes that evil behavior is likely to be punished and good behavior is based on obedience or avoidance of evil implicit in disobedience."
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