BSED Major in Social Studies 2

History from 1st to 21st Century

The history of human civilization from the 1st century to the 21st century covers a vast range of significant events, social changes, scientific discoveries, and cultural shifts. Below is a detailed overview of the key developments in each century:

1st Century (1-100 AD)

Roman Empire: The Roman Empire was at its peak, influencing Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.

Christianity: The life and crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the spread of Christianity by the Apostles, including Paul.

Technological advancements: The use of concrete and aqueducts in Rome, which led to the construction of significant architectural feats.

2nd Century (100-200 AD)

Roman Expansion: Continued expansion and consolidation of the Roman Empire.

Philosophy and Science: Philosophers such as Ptolemy and Galen contributed to astronomy and medicine, respectively.

Christianity: Christians were persecuted under Roman rule, but the religion continued to spread.

3rd Century (200-300 AD)

Crisis of the Third Century: The Roman Empire faced political instability, economic decline, and external invasions.

Spread of Christianity: Despite persecution, Christianity spread further throughout the Roman world.

Cultural advancements: The flourishing of Chinese civilization under the Han dynasty.

4th Century (300-400 AD)

Constantine and Christianity: Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity, leading to the eventual Christianization of the Roman Empire.

Fall of Rome: The beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire due to internal strife and invasions by barbarian groups.

Development of the Catholic Church: The First Council of Nicaea (325 AD) and other religious gatherings solidified Christian doctrine.

5th Century (400-500 AD)

Fall of the Western Roman Empire: Rome was sacked by the Visigoths in 410, marking the beginning of the Middle Ages.

Rise of Byzantine Empire: The Eastern Roman Empire, later known as the Byzantine Empire, continued to thrive.

Barbarian Kingdoms: Germanic kingdoms such as the Vandals and Ostrogoths began to establish themselves in former Roman territories.

6th Century (500-600 AD)

Justinian I: The Byzantine Emperor attempted to reconquer the lost western territories and codified Roman law (Corpus Juris Civilis).

Spread of Christianity: Christianity spread further in Europe, particularly among the barbarian tribes.

Islamic Expansion: Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, was born in 570, marking the beginning of a new religious movement.

7th Century (600-700 AD)

Islamic Expansion: Following the death of Muhammad in 632, Islamic Caliphates expanded rapidly across the Middle East, North Africa, and into Europe.

Byzantine Empire: The Byzantines fought against the expanding Islamic Caliphate but maintained control of Constantinople.

8th Century (700-800 AD)

Charlemagne: In 800 AD, Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, unifying much of Western Europe.

Islamic Golden Age: The Islamic world entered a period of significant cultural, scientific, and intellectual achievement.

9th Century (800-900 AD)