Considering the impact of diet on physical, mental, and aesthetic well-being, the author sought to create a comprehensive picture of Dietetics - the art of living - through four books. However, as he wrote, it became clear that something important w...
What we study: What does the concept of conscience mean and the source of its appearance?
What's new: What is the origin of conscience and how is it defined?
What we will learn: How can we avoid manipulation of our conscience?
1. Superego - includes the individual's conscience and ideas about the morally ideal person (the ego ideal). The superego (conscience) imposes moral standards on the individual (Atkinson R.L., et al. 2003) [1].
2. In other words, consciousness is the division of knowledge with others, and conscience is knowledge, a division with oneself. Consciousness also acquires the meaning of conscience, an internal process or essence (Smith N. 2003)[2].
3. Conscience imposes moral standards on an individual. Western culture tends to associate the concept of conscience with Christian morality [3]. However, there is no biblical or historical basis for this. Neither the Tanakh *, written in Hebrew, nor the teachings preached by Jesus **, contains a word that would correspond to the concept of conscience. This is known from the index of each word in the King James Version of the Bible (KJV), compiled by James Strong and known as the Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible or Strong's Concordance [4]. When it comes to morality, in the Hebrew Bible and the teachings of Jesus Christ, it is closely associated with the polysemantic concept of "heart". According to the Bible, the heart is the center of a person's authentic essence or an unconscious control program [5]. Therefore, let us turn to other sources that will reveal to us the essence of the concept of conscience.
* Tanakh is the traditional Jewish name for the Hebrew Bible. It consists of the first letters of the three main sections of the Bible: Torah (Pentateuch), Nebiim (Prophets), and Ketubim (Scriptures).
** This refers to the teachings of Jesus, written in the Good News as presented by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
4. The essence of the concept of conscience.According to scholars of the ancient world, the word συνείδησις [suneídēsis] first appears in the works of the ancient Greek philosopher Democritus * [5, 6, 7, 8]. The ancient Greek word syneídēsis comes from sýn, which means "together with" and from eídō, "to know, to see" literally means "joint knowledge" or consciousness **. What does this mean?
* Democritus (460–370 BC, according to Apollodorus, 470–380 BC, according to Thrasyllus), an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist - encyclopedist, founder of ancient atomism.
** The English word "consciousness" comes from the Latin cum/coms, "with," and sscio, "I know." "Conscio" means "shared knowledge," literally, "I share this knowledge with another." Thus, conscienta means "to share knowledge with oneself," hence "conscience." In other words, consciousness is the sharing of knowledge with others, and conscience is knowledge shared with oneself. Consciousness also takes on the meaning of conscience, an inner process or essence. These words entered the English language in the 17th century, and over the next hundred years or so their original naturalistic meanings gave way to transcendental ones (see Lewis, 1960; Oxford Universal Dictionary on Historical Principles, 1955) (footnote p. 56) (Smith, N. 2003) [2].
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