What's wrong with the diet? Physiological component of the diet.

Chapter 22. Individual temperament

What we are exploring: How does innate temperament manifest itself?

What's new: What are the differences in temperament?

What will we learn: How to remain yourself in the manifestation of temperament?

1. "Already in the first weeks of life, infants show individual differences in the degree of activity, reactions to changes in the environment, and irritability. These mood-related personality characteristics [of an individual, ed. author] are called temperament and, apparently, are innate" (Atkinson R.L. et al. 2003) [1].

2. Particular differences in temperament. The degree of expression of feelings and emotions depends on particular differences in temperament. All people usually show their feelings, emotions, and moods in behavior, which is manifested internally in the movements of tissues, organs, and body systems, and externally - in the movement of the pupils*, facial expressions, gestures, and manner of speech. What is the manifestation of temperament is identical for all people?

3. Identity of temperament. How does identity manifest itself? The ability to externally and internally express one's temperament in the movements of feelings, emotions, and moods (hereinafter referred to as FEM) [1]. Internally, manifestations of temperament affect the brain, nervous, cardiovascular, circulatory, endocrine systems, etc. Externally, depending on the FEM, the pupil dilates or contracts (pupil movement). Areas of skin from the back of the head to the neck, eyebrows, eyelids, cheeks, nose, nostrils, lips, chin, and ears are set in motion by muscles under the combined influence of FEM (facial expressions). The same process occurs in the human body. The external manifestation of temperament can be observed when a person walks - his gait. Or when he stands - his posture. Or when a person talks - his speech, gestures, and facial expressions. Temperament also manifests itself in all human activities, including professional activities. Some muscles tense, others move. But usually, only the movement of the head, arms, and legs is noticed, although other parts of the body also participate in the movements. Why is this so? Because FEMs express themselves through temperament throughout the body without exception.

4. FEM and temperament. Voice volume, intonation, pauses, speed (tempo) of speech, and expressiveness in speech (pronunciation) also demonstrate the participation of certain FEM (manner) in these movements. The fact that all people tend to exhibit FEM in movements internally and externally indicates that all people are temperamental, regardless of nationality [2, 3]. But as for the manifestation of temperament in differences in movements, this already relates to his individuality.

5. Individuality of temperament. In agreement with the book "Introduction to Psychology" by R. Atkinson and co-authors, individual differences in temperament manifest themselves "in the degree of activity, reactions to changes in the environment and irritability" (fr. 22. 1). What does it mean? The differences are obvious from the first weeks of a baby's life:

• In power, that is, the speed and number of body movements ("degree of activity").

• In body movements in response to environmental influences ("reactions to changes in the environment").

• The initiation of body movements occurs depending on its level of sensitivity ("irritability").

Individual temperament is constantly influenced by the environment.

6. Temperament and environment. It is important to remember that the innate temperament is constantly influenced by the environment:

"Whether temperament will be maintained throughout life depends on the interaction between the child's inherited qualities and the environment" (Atkinson R.L. et al. 2003) [1].

What do experts define as the child's environment in this case? We are talking about family education. However, it is not a discovery for anyone that both every family and the subsequent education of children takes place in the environment of one culture or another. Therefore, temperament is affected by the identity of a given culture "in the degree of activity, reactions to changes in the environment and irritability." What can you do to maintain your temperament?

7. How to maintain your temperament. Individuality can only emerge when a person is not ashamed of his temperament. Over time, based on his experience of interaction with the environment, he will be able to see his differences and recognize them as his own (fr. 20. 3, 6). In other words, a person will be able to satisfy his need to be himself. This means that he will not be ashamed of the external side of temperament, which will manifest itself in individual differences in power, body movements in response to environmental influences, and the beginning of body movements depending on the level of his sensitivity. Psychological individuality also manifests itself in private differences in human capacity and abilities.

Next Chapter: Individual Capacity and Abilities

What we are exploring: What are capacities and what are abilities?

What's new: What does the development of abilities depend on?

What we will learn: How to recognize individual Capacity?

References

1. Introduction to psychology. Atkinson R.L., Atkinson R.S., Smith E.E., Boehm D.J., et al. trans. from English – M.: 2003 – 672 p. (Ser. "Psychological Encyclopedia"). Rita L. Atkinson, Rich-ard C. Atkinson, Edward E. Smith, Daryl J. Bem, Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. "Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology. History, Theory, Research, and Applications", 13th ed., 2000.

2. Izard K. E. Psychology of emotions / Transl. from English – St. Petersburg: "Peter", 2012. – 464 p.: ill. (Series "Masters of Psychology")

3. Ekman P. Psychology of emotions. I know what you feel. 2nd ed. / Per. from English – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010. – 334 p.: ill. – (Series "Your psychologist").