What Is Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Dissociative identity disorder (DID), previously known as multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition caused by many things. These include severe trauma during early childhood (usually extreme, repetitive physical, sexual, or emotional abuse). It's also known as split personality disorder.
When you have DID, you have two or more separate identities called “alters.” They control your behavior at various times. Each alter has its own personal history, traits, likes, and dislikes.
Three types of amnesia associated with DID are:
Localized: This is the most common type of amnesia. You can’t remember an event or period of time.
Selective: This is where you can’t remember details of events within a certain time frame.
Generalized: This is the least common type. You can’t remember anything about your identity and life history.
DID Causes
The cause of DID is likely a psychological response to interpersonal and environmental stresses, particularly during early childhood years when emotional neglect or abuse may interfere with personality development. As many as 99% of people who develop dissociative disorders have recognized personal histories of recurring, overpowering, and often life-threatening disturbances or traumas at a sensitive developmental stage of childhood (usually before age 6).
Dissociation may also happen when there has been persistent neglect or emotional abuse, even when there's been no overt physical or sexual abuse. Findings show that in families where parents are frightening and unpredictable, the children may become dissociative.
Symptoms of DID
DID is characterized by two or more distinct or split identities or personality states that continually have power over your behavior. There's also an inability to recall key personal information that's too far-reaching to be explained as mere forgetfulness. DID also includes highly distinct memory variations, which may fluctuate.
Not everyone with DID experiences it the same way. For some, their "alters" have their own age, sex, or race -- plus their own postures, gestures, and distinct ways of talking. Sometimes the alters are imaginary people; sometimes they're animals.
As each "alter" or personality reveals itself and controls your behavior and thoughts, it's called "switching." Switching can take seconds, minutes, or days.
Reference:
Begum, J. (2023). Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder). https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/dissociative-identity-disorder-multiple-personality-disorder
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