LESSON XVI.THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERB OF PLACE.
68. The demonstrative adverbs of place related to the pronouns tiu and ĉi tiu are tie, there, in (at) that place, and ĉi tie,here, in (at) this place:
La telero estas tie, the plate is there (in that place).
La libroj kuŝas ĉi tie, the books lie here (in this place).
Mi trovis vin tie kaj lin tie ĉi, I found you there and him here.
Tie la vetero ŝajnas tre agrabla, there the weather seems very pleasant.
69. If the verb in the sentence expresses motion toward the place indicated by tie or ĉi tie, the ending -n is added to the adverb (46), forming tien, thither, there, and ĉi tien, hither, here:
Li iros tien, he will go there (thither).
Mi venis ĉi tien, I came here (hither).
Ni estis tie, kaj venis ĉi tien, we were there and came here (hither).
ACCOMPANIMENT.
70. Accompaniment or association is expressed by the preposition kun, with, along with:
La viro venis kun sia amiko, the man came with his friend.
Mi promenos kun vi, I shall go walking with you.
La knabo kun tiu viro estas lia frato, the boy with that man is his brother.
Kun must not be confused with per (64), which expresses instrumentality, although per may often be translated by English "with." The English preposition "with" may be said to have three rather clearly defined different meanings. In the linguistic history of this word, the original meaning was "against," still shown in fight with, strive with, contend with, withstand, etc. (Cf. Germanwiderstreiten, to strive with, widerhalten, to resist, etc.) Gradually this word "with" usurped the meaning of the original preposition "mid," expressing association or accompaniment (cf. German mit, "with", which it crowded out of the language except in one unimportant compound). The word "by" was also encroaching upon "mid" from another direction, and so "mid's" successor "with" came to be interchangeable with "by" in expressing instrumentality. Thus, English "with" indicates opposition, accompaniment, or instrumentality, for which three senses Esperanto has the three prepositions kontraŭ, kun, and per, respectively.
THE ADVERB FOR.
71. The adverb for, away, may be used independently, as Li iris for de mi, he went away from me, but it is more frequently used as a prefix to give a sense of departure, loss or somewhat forcible removal:
foriri, to go away, to depart.
forkuri, to run away, to escape.
forlasi, to leave alone, to abandon, to desert.
formanĝi, to eat away, to eat up.
