LESSON XLVII.THE NEGATIVE PRONOUN.
220. The negative pronoun (and pronominal adjective) is neniu, no one, nobody, no (formed of ne and iu, with a medial ninserted for the sake of euphony):
Neniu el vi komprenas min, no one of you understands me.
Mi trovis neniun preta por iri, I found nobody ready to go.
Li havis neniun honestan serviston, he had no honest servant.
221. The negative pronoun neniu has a possessive or genitive form, nenies, nobody's, no one's:
Ĉies afero estas nenies afero, everybody's affair is nobody's affair.
Li laŭdos nenies ideojn, he will praise no one's ideas.
THE ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLE.
222. A participle may be equivalent not only to a clause describing or determining the substantive modified, as in la parolanta viro, the man who-is-talking, la sendota knabo, the boy who-will-be-sent, but also to an adverbial clause.
An adverbial clause modifies a verb, as in dum vi atendis, li foriris, while you waited, he went away; ĉar mi ĝojis, mi ridis, because I was happy, I laughed.
Such a participle has for its subject the subject of the verb in the sentence (though not in attributive or predicate relation with it), and indicates some relation of time, cause, manner, situation, etc., between the action of the participle and that of the main verb in the sentence. An adverbial participle is given the ending -e:
Ĝojante, mi ridis, rejoicing, I laughed.
Forironte, ni adiaŭis lin, being about to depart, we bade him farewell.
Baninte la infaneton, ŝi dormigis ĝin, after bathing (having bathed) the baby, she put it to sleep.
Estante ruzaj, ili falsis la oron, being sly, they debased the gold.
Tiel helpate de vi, mi sukcesos, thus helped by you, I shall succeed.
Silentigite de li, ili ne plendis, (having been) silenced by him, they did not complain.
Punote, li ekkriis, being about to be punished, he gave a cry.
Ne parolinte, li foriris, without speaking (not having spoken), he left.
Li venis, ne vokite, he came without being (came not-having-been) called.
The adverbial participle must not be used in rendering the English "nominative absolute" construction of a participial clause referring to something else than the subject. In such a sentence a clause must be used: The youth being young, everyone watched him, ĉar la junulo estis juna, ĉiu rigardadis lin; the work being finished, he went away, kiam la lahoro estis finita, li foriris.
THE PREFIX RE-.
223. The prefix re- indicates the repetition of an action or state, or the return of a person or thing to its original place or state. (Cf. English prefix re-; meaning either "again" or "back.")
