LESSON XXXI.THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.
146. A connecting pronoun referring to something which precedes (or follows) is called a relative pronoun. The person or thing to which it refers is called its antecedent. The relative pronoun, identical in form with the interrogative pronoun (106), as in English, is kiu, which, who.
Sometimes English uses "that" for a relative pronoun, as "I saw the book that you have." This must always be translated by kiu. Likewise, English sometimes omits the relative pronoun, as "I saw the book you have." The relative pronoun is never thus omitted in Esperanto.
The relative pronoun agrees in number with its antecedent. Whether it is in the accusative case or not depends upon its relation to its own verb or to other words in its own clause (called the relative clause):
La junuloj, kiuj venis, estas afablaj, the youths who came are amiable.
La personoj, kiujn li vidos, estas amikoj miaj, the persons (whom) he will see are friends of mine.
Mi kalkulis la gradon, kiun li ricevos, I calculated the grade (which) he will receive.
Mi memoras tiun aferon, pri kiu vi parolas, I remember that matter about which you speak.
147. Like English "whose" the genitive form kies of the interrogative pronoun (107) is also used as a relative, referring to a substantive (singular or plural) for its antecedent:
Li estas la viro, kies libron vi trovis, he is the man whose book you found.
Mi konas la infanojn, kies patro estas amiko via, I know the children whose father is a friend of yours.
THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
148. The compound tense formed by combining the past participle with the future tense of the auxiliary verb esti represents an act or condition as having been already completed or perfected at a future time, and is called the future perfect tense. The conjugation of vidi in this tense is as follows:
mi estos vidinta, I shall have seen (I shall be having-seen).
vi estos vidinta, you will have seen (you will be having-seen).
li (ŝi, ĝi) estos vidinta, he (she, it) will have seen (will be having-seen).
ni estos vidintaj, we shall have seen (shall be having-seen).
vi estos vidintaj, you will have seen (will be having-seen).
ili estos vidintaj, they will have seen (will be having-seen).
ORDINAL NUMERALS.
149. Ordinal numerals are adjectives which answer the question "Which in order?" as "first", "third", etc. They are formed by adding the adjectival suffix -a to the cardinals. The various parts of an ordinal must be connected by hyphens, since it is to the entire cardinal, and not any part of it, that the adjective ending -a is attached:
unua, first.
dua, second.
tria, third.
