LESSON XLVI.THE INDEFINITE ADVERB IEL.
216. The indefinite adverb of manner, related to the indefinite pronoun iu, is iel, somehow, in any way, in some (any) manner:
Mi penis vin iel gvidi tien, I tried somehow to guide you thither.
Iel ni anoncos la decidon, we shall announce the decision in some way.
THE INDEFINITE ADVERB IOM.
217. The indefinite adverb of quantity, related to the indefinite pronoun iu, is iom, some, any quantity, a certain amount:
Ĉu vi havas iom da tempo? Have you some time?
Ŝi varmigos iom da akvo, she will heat some water.
Tiu metodo estas iomete danĝera, that way is a little dangerous (198).
La ŝnuro estas iom tro longa, the string is somewhat too long.
THE SUFFIX -AD-.
218. The suffix -ad- is used to form words indicating that the action expressed in the root is continuous, habitual or repeated.
a. Verbs formed with the suffix -ad- are called frequentative verbs, and may often be translated by the root meaning, preceded by "keep (on)", "used to", etc.:
frapadi, to keep knocking, to knock repeatedly.
rigardadi, to keep on looking, to gaze.
vizitadi, to keep visiting, visit repeatedly, frequent, haunt.
Antaŭ du jaroj ŝi tre dolĉe kantadis, two years ago she used to sing very sweetly.
b. Nouns formed with the suffix -ad- are often equivalent to English verbal nouns ending in -ing, and (with the generic article, 201) may replace the infinitive as subject (130) and sometimes as object (29):
kriado, crying, shouting (from krio, cry, shout).
movado, motion, movement in general (from movo, a movement).
pafado, shooting, fusillade (from pafo, a shot).
parolado, a speech, address (from parolo, a word spoken).
pensado, thought, contemplation (from penso, a thought).
La promenado donas plezuron, the taking of walks gives pleasure.
Mi preferas la legadon de tiaj libroj, I prefer the reading of (to read) such books.
THE USE OF MEM.
219. The invariable pronoun mem, self, selves, is intensive, and lays stress upon the substantive which immediately precedes it, or which it obviously modifies. (The combination of mem with personal pronouns must not be confused with reflexive pronouns, 39, 40):
