LESSON XXII.CLAUSES EXPRESSING DURATION OF TIME.
96. The time during which an act takes place or a condition exists may be expressed not only by an adverb or accusative of time (91), or by use of the preposition dum, but also by a clause introduced by dum:
Li venis dum vi forestis, he came while (during-the-time-that) you were away.
Dum la sezonoj malpacis, ili forgesis pri la mondo, while the seasons quarreled, they forgot about the world.
Ni ridas pro ĝojo dum neĝas, we laugh for joy while it is snowing.
CLAUSES EXPRESSING ANTICIPATION.
97. A clause expressing an action or condition as preceding or anticipating that of the main verb is introduced by antaŭ ol:
Mi foriros antaŭ ol vi venos, I shall depart before you (will) come.
Antaŭ ol vi riproĉis lin, li ne ploris, before you reproached him, he did not weep.
Vi ploris antaŭ ol vi ridis, you wept before (sooner than) you laughed.
THE INFINITIVE WITH ANSTATAŬ, POR, ANTAŬ OL.
98. An infinitive may be substantively used with anstataŭ to express substitution, with por to express purpose (Cf. Old English "But what went ye out for to see," Matt. xi, 8), and with antaŭ ol to express anticipation. It is usually translated by the English infinitive in -ing:
Anstataŭ resti li foriris, instead of staying he went away.
Vi malhelpas anstataŭ helpi min, you hinder instead of helping me.
Ni venis por helpi vin, we came to help (in order to help) you.
Mi estas preta por iri merkredon, I am ready to go (for going) Wednesday.
Li havos tro multe por fari, he will have too much to do.
Mi laboros antaŭ ol ripozi, I shall work before resting.
Antaŭ ol foriri, li dankis min, before going away, he thanked me.
Dio faris la mondon antaŭ ol doni ĝin al la sezonoj, God made the world before giving it to the seasons.
Substantive is the general name for nouns and pronouns, that is, for words which indicate persons, things, etc., and may be used as subject or object of a verb, complement of a preposition, etc.
The infinitive may be used with antaŭ ol if its subject is the same as the subject of the main verb. Otherwise the construction explained in 97 must be used.
THE EXPRESSION OF A PART OF THE WHOLE.
99. After nouns indicating a quantity or portion of some indefinite whole, the substantive expressing that indefinite whole is preceded by the preposition da, of:
Estas skatolo da ĉerizoj tie, there is a box of cherries there.
Mi trovis grandan sakon da mono, I found a large bag of money.
